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  • Springer  (33)
  • Wiley  (28)
  • 2000-2004  (47)
  • 1965-1969  (12)
  • 1880-1889
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Seed dispersal Seed shadow Hornbills Telemetry Tropical frugivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. We studied two species of Ceratogymna hornbills, the black-casqued hornbill, C. atrata, and the white-thighed hornbill, C. cylindricus, in the tropical forests of Cameroon, to understand their movement patterns and evaluate their effectiveness as seed dispersers. To estimate hornbill contribution to a particular tree species' seed shadow we combined data from movements, determined by radio-tracking, with data from seed passage trials. For 13 individuals tracked over 12 months, home range varied between 925 and 4,472 ha, a much larger area than reported for other African avian frugivores. Seed passage times ranged from 51 to 765 min, with C. atrata showing longer passage times than C. cylindricus, and larger seeds having longer gut retention times than smaller seeds. Combining these data, we estimated that seed shadows were extensive for the eight tree species examined, with approximately 80% of seeds moved more than 500 m from the parent plant. Maximum estimated dispersal distances for larger seeds were 6,919 and 3,558 m for C. atrata and C. cylindricus, respectively. The extent of hornbill seed shadows suggests that their influence in determining forest structure will likely increase as other larger mammalian dispersers are exterminated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 29 (2000), S. 349-387 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Current learning approaches to computer vision have mainly focussed on low-level image processing and object recognition, while tending to ignore high-level processing such as understanding. Here we propose an approach to object recognition that facilitates the transition from recognition to understanding. The proposed approach embraces the synergistic spirit of soft computing, exploiting the global search powers of genetic programming to determine fuzzy probabilistic models. It begins by segmenting the images into regions using standard image processing approaches, which are subsequently classified using a discovered fuzzy Cartesian granule feature classifier. Understanding is made possible through the transparent and succinct nature of the discovered models. The recognition of roads in images is taken as an illustrative problem in the vision domain. The discovered fuzzy models while providing high levels of accuracy (97%), also provide understanding of the problem domain through the transparency of the learnt models. The learning step in the proposed approach is compared with other techniques such as decision trees, naïve Bayes and neural networks using a variety of performance criteria such as accuracy, understandability and efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 54 (2000), S. 681-685 
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract New methods of determining the structural groups —COOH and —CH2— have been developed. The investigation of carboxyl groups is possible both after derivatization with p-fluorophenacylbromide and by quantitative interpretation of the Fourier transform infrared (FT IR) spectra. There exists a linear relationship between the results of these two methods that is generally valid for the analysis of all brown coal components. The maximum extinction coefficient of the symmetric stretching vibration band of the CH2 groups has been determined using model substances. This allows quantification of this structural group directly from the FT IR spectrum. The results agree with the contents of methylene groups as determined by 13C-cross polarization–magic angle spinning–nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CPMAS NMR) spectroscopy. Using these methods, the COOH and CH2 groups contained in brown coals of the North Rhine region and in their bioconversion products have been quantified.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Physics in perspective 2 (2000), S. 313-326 
    ISSN: 1422-6960
    Keywords: Key words. History of science; Ireland; Rosse Telescope; St. Patrick's College; Birr Demense; Irish National Museum (Galway); Giant's Causeway.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Newly-prosperous Ireland has a number of sites which the scientific traveller can visit. There are apparatus museums at Birr and Maynooth, and a collection of early apparatus at the physics department of the Irish National University in Galway. The main attraction at Birr is the Rosse Telescope, with its 6-ft diameter speculum, built in the 1840s, and recently refurbished. Travellers to Northern Ireland can see applied geology at the Giant's Causeway.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Carbonic anhydrase IdMichigan, an electrophoretic variant of human red cell carbonic anhydrase I, was purified from erythrocytes obtained from an individual heterozygous for the trait. Primary structural analysis indicates that a lysine residue has exchanged for a threonine residue in the variant enzyme. After isolation, there was approximately 1.8 times as much normal as variant enzyme. Thermostability studies demonstrated that carbonic anhydrase Id was more thermolabile than the normal enzyme. The normal and variant enzymes showed no differences in specific carboxylesterase activity or CO2 hydratase activity. Utilizing the carboxylesterase activity toward β-naphthyl acetate, the normal and variant enzymes had similar Michaelis constants, pH profiles, and rates of inhibition by acetazolamide. Immunochemical studies did not demonstrate an antigenic difference for the variant enzyme.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 3 (1969), S. 25-35 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The phosphoglucomutase (PGM) electrophoretic phenotype of the mouse (Mus musculus) consists of several distinct components which can be grouped into two major zones designated PGM-1 and PGM-2. Evidence presented here indicates that each zone is controlled by a single genetic locus denoted Pgm-1 and Pgm-2, respectively. Two variant forms segregated at the Pgm-1 locus. They were codominantly expressed and inherited as alleles at an autosomal locus. The alleles were termed Pgm-1 a (fast) and Pgm-1 b (slow). These alleles were separately fixed in a number of inbred strains of mice. Preliminary evidence based on wild mouse phenotypes indicates that variant forms also exist for PGM-2 which are inherited as alleles at an autosomal locus. Genetic linkage relationships have not been determined for these loci. PGM-1 variants and PGM-2 were expressed in mouse fibroblasts in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Erythrocyte and tissue lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) electrophoretic patterns of 26 rodent species from ten families were examined. The LDH B gene was observed to range in erythrocyte expression from species without detectable B subunits to those which predominantly expressed B subunits. However, the shift in erythrocyte B gene expression was not observed in the tissue LDH electrophoretic patterns between rodent species. Species which did not express erythrocyte B subunits, or only small quantities of B subunits, were restricted to the suborder Myomorpha. In erythrocytes of other rodent species, and most mammals, LDH B subunits are expressed equally or in excess of A subunits. The results suggest either structural differences in the LDH B gene between Myomorph and non-Myomorph rodents or a regulator gene which controls the expression of the B gene in Myomorph erythrocytes. Existing evidence favors the latter hypothesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 15 (1968), S. 350-371 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La technique d'une part et l'abondance des aliments d'autre part ont causé des modifications dans l'alimentation par les céréales, aussi bien en ce qui concerne la quantité que la qualité. Le développement de la fabrication moderne du pain présente les caractéristiques suivants: préférence du froment, des farines très blanches, des procédés accélérés de fermentation et de cuisson dans la fabrication. En conséquence, on obtient des pains plus riches en calories, mais pauvres en subtances nutritives et aromatiques ayant une croûte mince et molle et une mie légère ne nécessitant pas d'efforts de mastication. En vitaminisant et en révalorisant artificiellement le pain, on ne peut remplacer qu'une partie minime des substances enlevées au blé par la moulure. L'utilisation de plus en plus fréquente de procédés chimiques dans l'agriculture et le stockage des récoltes entraîne l'existence de plus en plus importante de résidus non physiologiques dans le blé. Parmi ces produits et procédés ont été mentionnés: un produit destiné à raccourcir la tige du blé, produit qui influence l'azote des plantes; le pourcentage élevé en plomb découvert dans le blé ayant poussé à proximité des autostrades; le pourcentage plus élevé en „Phenantren“ et „3–4-Benzpyren“, trouvé dans les plantes poussant dans les régions industrielles; la production d'aflatoxine causée par la moisissure des produits emmagasinés; les résidus de produits insecticides connus jusqu'à présent; les modifications néfastes constatées dans le blé traité aux rayons gamma en vue d'une conservation plus facile. Les modifications dues à l'influence de la chaleur de cuisson sont à constater particulièrement dans la croûte du pain; elles frappent avant tout certaines substances sensibles à la chaleur ainsi que des processus de condensation suivantMaillard.
    Abstract: Summary Engineering progress and an abundance of foodstuff are the cause of strong quantitative and qualitative changes observed in our bread. The development of modern bread is marked by a preference given to wheat, by a lower degree of grinding up, by a short time of fermentation and baking, which results in bread of increased caloric content, reduced active agents and content of aroma, in bread with a thin, soft crust and a very porous crumb, thus necessitating a lesser mastication. By means of an artificial enrichment of vitamins, minerals, and separated amino-acids, only a very small part of active agents separated by grinding up can be replaced. Increasing application of chemical processes in agriculture and storage ensued an increased presence of non-physiological residues in corn. Among them are mentioned an agent to shorten the length of stalks that interferes with the nitrogen economy of plants; an increased content of lead in fields near highways; an increased content of phenanthren and 3–4 benzpyren in fields near industrial areas; the possible formation of aflatoxin through getting mouldy during storage; residues of pesticides that have become known up to now; as well as hitherto prove harmful alterations due to ray treatment by gamma rays to corn to achieve a better preservation. Changes brought about by the heat during the baking process are particularly clearly shown in the crust of bread which essentially have regard to damaging heat-sensitive contents and proceedings of condensation according toMaillard.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Technisierung und Überfluß an Nahrungsmitteln sind Ursache von starken quantitativen und qualitativen Veränderungen der Brotnahrung. Die Entwicklung des modernen Brotes ist durch Bevorzugung des Weizens, niedriger Ausmahlung, kurzer Gär- und Backzeiten gekennzeichnet, was zu Broten von erhöhtem Kaloriengehalt, vermindertem Wirkstoff- und Aromagehalt, von Broten mit dünner, weicher Kruste und sehr poröser Krume führt, die geringere Kauarbeit erfordern. Durch künstliche Anreicherung mit Vitaminen, Mineralstoffen und Aminosäuren kann nur ein kleiner Teil der bei der Vermahlung abgetrennten Wirkstoffe ersetzt werden. Steigende Anwendung chemischer Verfahren in der Land- und Lagerwirtschaft hat die vermehrte Anwesenheit unphysiologischer Rückstände im Getreide zur Folge. Unter ihnen werden erwähnt ein Halmverkürzungsmittel, das in den Stickstoffhaushalt der Pflanzen eingreift, der in der Nähe von Autobahnen erhöhte Bleigehalt, der in industrienahen Gebieten erhöhte Gehalt an Phenanthren und 3–4-Benzpyren, die mögliche Bildung von Aflatoxin durch Verschimmelung während des Lagerns, die bisher bekanntgewordenen Rückstände von Schädlingsbekämpfungsmitteln sowie die bisher nachgewiesenen nachteiligen Veränderungen einer Bestrahlung des Getreides mit Gamma-Strahlen zwecks bequemerer Konservierung. Unter dem Einfluß der Backhitze sich vollziehende Veränderungen kommen besonders deutlich in der Kruste des Brotes zum Ausdruck, die sich im wesentlichen auf eine Schädigung hitzeempfindlicher Inhaltsstoffe und Kondensationsvorgänge nachMaillard beziehen.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1435-0661
    Keywords: MBC, microbial biomass carbon MEP, Mehlich extractable phosphorus MLRA, Major Land Resource Areas MWD, mean-weight diameter NRCS, Natural Resources Conservation Service NRI, National Resource Inventory PMN, potentially mineralizable nitrogen PSU, primary sampling units TOC, total organic carbon WSA, water stable aggregates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: e transformation resulted in normal distributions for most soil properties and reduced variability two- to threefold. However, a few soil properties remained non-normally distributed. Soil pH may be monitored at the regional scale with a high degree of precision. Small changes in soil C content (3–8% of the regional mean) may be detected using loge transformed total organic C as the indicator. Sampling soil properties as part of the NRI should improve NRCS' ability to monitor soil condition on a regional scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular neurobiology 20 (2000), S. 497-508 
    ISSN: 1573-6830
    Keywords: tau ; phosphorylation ; signal transduction ; protein kinase C ; Alzheimer's disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. The potential functions of the microtubule-associated protein tau have been expanded by the recent demonstration of its interaction with the plasma membrane. Since the association of tau with microtubules is regulated by phosphorylation, herein we examine whether or not the association of tau with the plasma membrane is also regulated by phosphorylation. 2. A range of tau isoforms migrating from 46 to 64 kDa was associated with crude particulate fractions derived from SH-SY-5Y human neuroblastoma cells, and were retained during the initial stages of plasma membrane purification. During the extensive washing utilized in purification of the plasma membrane, portions of each of these isoforms were depleted from the resultant purified membrane. Immunoblot analysis with phospho-dependent and -independent antibodies revealed selective depletion of phospho isoforms during membrane washing. This effect was more pronounced for the slowest-migrating (64-kDa) tau isoform. 3. This putative influence of phosphorylation on the association of tau with the plasma membrane was further probed by transfection of SH-SY-5Y human neuroblastoma cells with a tau construct that could associate with the plasma membrane but not with microtubules. Treatment with phorbol ester or calcium ionophore, both of which increased phospho-tau levels within the cytosol and plasma membrane, was accompanied by the dissociation of this tau construct from the membrane. 4. These data indicate that phosphorylation regulates the association with the plasma membrane. Dissociation from the membrane by phosphorylation may place tau at risk for hyperphosphorylation and ultimate PHF formation in a manner previously considered for tau dissociated from microtubules.
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