ALBERT

Note: Contents Acknowledgements Editor's Preface Translator's Preface Preface to Volume V of the Russian Edition, Salicaceae-Portulacaceae Preface to Volume VI of the Russian Edition, Caryophyllaceae-Ranunculaceae Abbreviations Used in Citing Floristic and Systematic Literature FAMILY XX / Salicaceae — Willow Family GENUS 1 / Populus - Poplar GENUS 2 / Chosenia - Chosenia GENUS 3 / Salix - Willow FAMILY XXI / Betulaceae — Birch Family GENUS 1 / Betula - Birch GENUS 2 / Alnaster - Green Alder GENUS 3 / Alnus - Alder FAMILY XXII / Urticaceae — Nettle Family GENUS 1 / Urtica - Nettle FAMILY XXIII / Polygonaceae — Buckwheat Family GENUS 1 / Oxyria - Mountain Sorrel GENUS 2 / Rumex - Dock, Sorrel GENUS 3 / Rheum - Rhubarb GENUS 4 / Koenigia - Koenigia GENUS 5 / Polygonum - Knotweed, Smartweed FAMILY XXIV / Chenopodiaceae — Goosefoot Family GENUS 1 / Chenopodium - Goosefoot GENUS 2 / Monolepis - Monolepis GENUS 3 / Atriplex - Orache GENUS 4 / Corispermum - Bugseed FAMILY XXV / Portulacaceae — Purslane Family GENUS 1 / Claytonia - Spring Beauty GENUS 2 / Montia - Blinks FAMILY XXVI / Caryophyllaceae — Pink Family GENUS 1 / Stellaria - Chickweed, Stitchwort GENUS 2 / Cerastium - Mouse-ear Chickweed GENUS 3 / Sagina - Pearlwort GENUS 4 / Minuartia - Minuartia GENUS 5 / Honkenya - Sea Sandwort GENUS 6 / Arenaria - Sandwort GENUS 7 / Moehringia - Groue Sandwort GENUS 8 / Merckia - Mercfo'a GENUS 9 / Spergula - Corn Spurry GENUS 10 / Spergularia - Sand Spurry GENUS 11 / Agrostemma - Corn Cockle GENUS 12 / Viscaria - Catchfly GENUS 13 / Silene - Campion GENUS 14 / Lychnis - Lychnis GENUS 15 / Coronaria - Ragged Robin GENUS 16 / Gastrolychnis - Gastrolychnis GENUS 17 / Gypsophila - Baby's-breath GENUS 18 / Dianthus - Pink FAMILY XXVII / Faeoniaceae — Peony Family GENUS 1 /Paeonia - Peony FAMILY XXVIII / Ranunculaceae — Buttercup Family GENUS 1 / Caltha - Marsh Marigold GENUS 2 / Trollius - Globe Flower GENUS 2a / Coptis - Goldthread GENUS 3 / Aquilegia - Columbine GENUS 4 / Delphinium - Larkspur GENUS 5 / Aconitum - Monkshood GENUS 6 7 Anemone - Anemone GENUS 7 / Pulsatilla - Pasque Flower GENUS 8 / Atragene - Alpine Clematis GENUS 9 / Oxygraphis - Oxygraphis GENUS 10 / Beckwithia - Beckwithia GENUS 11 / Batrachium - White Water Crowfoot GENUS 12 / Ranunculus - Buttercup GENUS 13 / Thalictrum - Meadow Rue APPENDIX I / Summary of Data on the Geographical Distribution of Vascular Plants of the Soviet Arctic TABLE 5 / Distribution of Vascular Plants of the Soviet Arctic, Salicaceae-Ranunculaceae Index of Plant Names

Note: Contents: Processes in Freezing, Frozen and Thawing Ground: 1. Thermal-physical processes in freezing and thawing ground; 2. Water transfer and ice formation in soils; 3. Physical-chemical and mechanical processes in freezing and thawing ground; 4. Structure and texture of freezing and thawing soils; 5. Cryogenic geological processes and phenomena; Part II. Composition, Cryogenic Structure and Properties of Frozen Rocks: 6. Formation of sedimentary materials in the permafrost regions (cryolithogenesis); 7. Composition and structure of frozen earth materials; 8. Properties of frozen soils; 9. Characteristics of the basic genetic types of frozen ground; Part III. Formation and Development of the Frozen Strata and Layers of Seasonal Freezing and Thawing: 10. Thermodynamic and climatic conditions for formation of the frozen layers; 11. Seasonal freezing and thawing of ground; 12. Development of the temperature regime and the thickness of the permafrost; 13. Taliks and groundwater in the permafrost zone; Part IV. Regional Features and Evolution of Permafrost: 14. Permafrost evolution in the Earth's history; 15. Zonal and regional features of present-day geocryological conditions in the territories of the former USSR; 16. Principles and methods for regional geocryological investigations; Part V. Economic Development of the Permafrost Regions: 17. The effect of different types of development on the natural geocryological environment; 18. Ensuring the stability of engineering structures in the permafrost regions; 19. Engineering geology in support of design, construction and operation of structures in the permafrost regions.

Note: Table of Contents: 1 The Solid Phase of Marine Sediments / DIETER K. FÜTTERER 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Sources and Components of Marine Sediments 1.2.1 Lithogenous Sediments 1.2.2 Biogenous Sediments 1.2.3 Hydrogenous Sediments 1.3 Classification of Marine Sediments 1.3.1 Terrigenous Sediments 1.3.2 Deep-Sea Sediments 1.4 Global Patterns of Sediment Distribution 1.4.1 Distribution Patterns of Shelf Sediments 1.4.2 Distribution Patterns of Deep-Sea Sediments 1.4.3 Distribution Patterns of Glay Minerals 1.4.4 Sedimentation Rates 2 Geophysical Perspectives in Marine Sediments 2.1 Physical Properties of Marine Sediments / MONIKA BREITZKE 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 Porosity and Wet Bulk Density 2.1.2.1 Analysis by Weight and Volume 2.1.2.2 Gamma Ray Attenuation 2.1.2.3 Electrical Resistivity (Galvanic Method) 2.1.2.4 Electrical Resistivity (Inductive Method) 2.1.3 Permeability 2.1.4 Acoustic and Elastic Properties 2.1.4.1 Biot-Stoll Model 2.1.4.2 Full Waveform Ultrasonic Gore Logging 2.1.5 Sediment Classification 2.1.5.1 Full Waveform Gore Logs as Acoustic Images 2.1.5.2 P-and S-Wave Velocity, Attenuation, Elastic Moduli and Permeability 2.1.6 Sediment Echosounding 2.1.6.1 Synthetic Seismograms 2.1.6.2 Narrow-Beam Parasound Echosounder Recordings 2.2 Sedimentary Magnetism / ULRICH BLEIL 2.2.1 Introduction 2.2.2 Biogenie Magnetic Minerals in Marine Sediments 2.2.3 Reduction Diagenesis of Magnetic Minerals in Marine Environments 3 Quantification of Early Diagenesis: Dissolved Constituents in Marine Pore Water / HORST D. SCHULZ 3.1 Introduction: How to Read Pore Water Concentration Profiles 3.2 Calculation of Diffusive Fluxes and Diagenetic Reaction Rates 3.2.1 Steady State and Non-Steady State Situations 3.2.2 The Steady State Situation and Fick's First Law of Diffusion 3.2.3 Quantitative Evaluation of Steady State Concentration Profiles 3.2.4 The Non-Steady State Situation and Fick's Second Law of Diffusion 3.2.5 The Primary Redox-Reactions: Degradation of Organic Matter 3.3 Sampling of Pore Water for Ex-Situ Measurements 3.3.1 Obtaining Sampies of Sediment for the Analysis of Pore Water 3.3.2 Pore Water Extraction from the Sediment 3.3.3 Storage, Transport and Preservation of Pore Water 3.4 Analyzing Constituents in Pore Water, Typical Profiles 3.5 In-Situ Measurements 3.6 Influence of Bioturbation, Bioirrigation, and Advection 4 Organic Matter: The Driving Force for Early Diagenesis / JÜRGEN RULLKÖTTER 4.1 The Organic Carbon Cycle 4.2 Organic Matter Accumulation in Sediments 4.2.1 Productivity Versus Preservation 4.2.2 Primary Production of Organic Matter and Export to the Ocean Bottom 4.2.3 Transport of Organic Matter through the Water Column 4.2.4 The Influence of Sedimentation Rate on Organic Matter Burial 4.2.5 Allochthonous Organic Matter in Marine Sediments 4.3 Early Diagenesis 4.3.1 The Organic Carbon Content of Marine Sediments 4.3.2 Chemical Composition of Biomass 4.3.3 The Principle of Selective Preservation 4.3.4 The Formation of Fossil Organic Matter and its Bulk Composition 4.3.5 Early Diagenesis at the Molecular Level 4.3.6 Biological Markers (Molecular Fossils) 4.4 Organic Geochemical Proxies 4.4.1 Total Organic Carbon and Sulfur 4.4.2 Marine Versus Terrigenous Organic Matter 4.4.3 Molecular Paleo-Seawater Temperature and Climate Indicators 4.5 Analytical Techniques 4.5.1 Sam pie Requirements 4.5.2 Elemental and Bulk Isotope Analysis 4.5.3 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis and Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography 4.5.4 Organic Petrography 4.5.5 Bitumen Analysis 4.6 The Future of Marine Geochemistry of Organic Matter 5 Bacteria and Marine Biogeochemistry / Bo BARKER JORGENSEN 5.1 Role of Microorganisms 5.1.1 From Geochemistry to Microbiology - and back 5.1.2 Approaches in Marine Biogeochemistry 5.2 Life and Environments at Small Scale 5.2.1 Hydrodynamics of Low Reynolds Numbers 5.2.2 Diffusion at Small Scale 5.2.3 Diffusive Boundary Layers 5.3 Regulation and Limits of Microbial Processes 5.3.1 Substrate Uptake by Microorganisms 5.3.2 Temperature as a Regulating Factor 5.3.3 Other Regulating Factors 5.4 Energy Metabolism of Prokaryotes 5.4.1 Free Energy 5.4.2 Reduction-Oxidation Processes 5.4.3 Relations to Oxygen 5.4.4 Definitions of Energy Metabolism 5.4.5 Energy Metabolism of Microorganisms 5.4.6 Chemolithotrophs 5.4.7 Respiration and Fermentation 5.5 Pathways of Organic Matter Degradation 5.5.1 Depolymerization of Macromolecules 5.5.2 Aerobic and Anaerobic Mineralization 5.5.3 Depth Zonation of Oxidants 5.6 Methods in Biogeochemistry 5.6.1 Incubation Experiments 5.6.2 Radioactive Tracers 5.6.3 Example: Sulfate Reduction 5.6.4 Specific Inhibitors 5.6.5 Other Methods 6 Early Diagenesis at the Benthic Boundary Layer: Oxygen and Nitrate in Marine Sediments / CHRISTIAN HENSEN AND MATTHIAS ZABEL 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Oxygen and Nitrate Distribution in Seawater 6.3 The Role of Oxygen and Nitrate in Marine Sediments 6.3.1 Respiration and Redox Processes 6.3.1.1 Nitrification and Denitrification 6.3.1.2 Coupling of Oxygen and Nitrate to other Redox Pathways 6.3.2 Determination of Consumption Rates and Senthic Fluxes 6.3.2.1 Fluxes and Concentration Profiles Determined by In-Situ Devices 6.3.2.2 Ex-Situ Pore Water Data from Deep-Sea Sediments 6.3.2.3 Determination of Denitrification Rates 6.3.3 Oxic Respiration, Nitrification and Denitrification in Different Marine Environments 6.3.3.1 Quantification of Rates and Fluxes 6.3.3.2 Variation in Different Marine Environments: Case Studies 6.4 Summary 7 The Reactivity of Iron / RALF R. HAESE 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Pathways of Iron Input to Marine Sediments 7.2.1 Fluvial Input 7.2.2 Aeolian Input 7.3 Iron as a Limiting Nutrient for Primary Productivity 7.4 The Early Diagenesis of Iron in Sediments 7.4.1 Dissimilatary Iran Reductian 7.4.2 Solid Phase Ferric Iron and its Bioavailability 7.4.2.1 Properties of Iron Oxides 7.4.2.2 Bioavailability of Iron Oxides 7.4.2.3 Bioavailability of Sheet Silicate Sound Ferric lron 7.4.3 Iron and Manganese Redax Cycles 7.4.4 Iron Reactivity towards S, O2, Mn, NO3, P, HCO3, and Si-AI 7.4.4.1 lron Reduction by HS and Ligands 7.4.4.2 Iron Oxidation by O2, NO3, and Mn4+ 7.4.4.3 Iron-Sound Phosphorus 7.4.4.4 The Formation of Siderite 7.4.4.5 The Formation of lron Searing Aluminosilicates 7.4.5 Discussion: The Importance of Fe-and Mn-Reactivity in Various Enyironments 7.5 The Assay for Ferric and Ferrous Iron 8 Sulfate Reduction in Marine Sediments / SABINE KASTEN AND BO BARKER JØRGENSEN 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Sulfate Reduction and the Degradation of Organic Matter 8.3 Biotic and Abiotic Processes Coupled to Sulfate Reduction 8.3.1 Pyrite Formation 8.3.2 Effects of Sulfate Reduction on Sedimentary Solid Phases 8.4 Determination of Sulfate Reduction Rates 9 Marine Carbonates: Their Formation and Destruction / RALPH R. SCHNEIDER, HORST D. SCHULZ AND CHRISTIAN HENSEN 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Marine Environments of Carbonate Production and Accumulation 9.2.1 Shallow-Water Carbonates 9.2.2 Pelagic Calcareous Sediments 9.3 The Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium in Marine Aquatic Systems 9.3.1 Primary Reactions of the Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium with Atmospheric Contact in Infinitely Diluted Solutions 9.3.2 Primary Reactions of the Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium without Atmospheric Contact 9.3.3 Secondary Reactions of the Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium in Seawater 9.3.4 Examples for Calculation of the Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium in Ocean Waters 9.4 Carbonate Reservoir Sizes and Fluxes between Particulate and Dissolved Reservoirs 9.4.1 Production Versus Dissolution of Pelagic Carbonates 9.4.2 Inorganic and Organic Carbon Release trom Deep-Sea Sediments 10 Influences of Geochemical Processes on Stable Isotope Distribution in Marine Sediments / TORSTEN SICKERT 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Fundamentals 10.2.1 Principles of Isotopic Fractionation 10.2.2 Analytical Procedures 10.3 Geochemicallnfluences on 18O/16O Ratios 10.3.1 δ18O of Seawater 10.3.2 δ18O in Marine Carbonates 10.4 Geochemical Influences on 13C/12C Ratios 10.4.1

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents List of Contributors Preface Acknowledgments List of Notations PART A. BEACH SYSTEMS: DEFINITION AND GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 1 Beaches / Andrew D. Short 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Two-dimensional beaches 1.3 Three-dimensional beaches 1.4 Beach components and boundary conditions 1.5 Beach classifications 1.6 Beach Quantification 1.7 Beach morphodynamics 1.8 The study of beaches 1.9 Rationale for beach studies in the 21st century 2 Global variation in beach systems / Andrew D. Short 2.1 Global variation in beach systems 2.2 Coastal boundaries 2.3 Global climates 2.4 Global coastal sediments 2.5 Beach sediments 2.6 Global wave climates 2.7 Global and coastal tide regimes 2.8 Summary PART B. BEACH MORPHODYNAMICS 3 The shoreface / Peter J. Cowell, David J. Hanslow and Justin F. Meleo 3.1 Introduction: definition and significance 3.2 Morphological scale 3.3 Morphodynamics and shoreface equilibrium 3.4 Morphodynamic time scale and external controls 3.5 Summary 4 The surf zone / Troels Aagaard and Gerhard Masselink 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Wave transformation and wave set-up 4.3 Infragravity wave motion in the surf zone 4.4 Surf zone currents 4.5 Sediment transport 4.6 Bar morphology 5 The beachface / Michael Hughes and Ian Turner 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Swash kinematics 5.3 Beachface slope 5.4 Berms 5.5 Beach step 5.6 Swash cusps 5.7 Concluding remarks 6 The beach backshore and beyond / Patrick A. Hesp 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Backshore beach morphology 6.3 Backshore sand transport 6.4 Backshore aerodynamics 6.5 Beach- Backshore - dune sediment transport 6.6 Impact of salt aerosols 6.7 Overwash processes and deposits 6.8 Swash-deposited backshore landforms 6.9 Backshore dunes 6.10 Erosional and transgressive dunes 6.11 Summary PART C. BEACH TYPES AND APPLICATIONS 7 Wave-dominated beaches / Andrew D. Short 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Historical perspective 7.3 Wave-dominated beach types 7.4 Sequential beach changes 7.5 Multi-bar micro-tidal beaches 7.6 Beach 'state' curves: beaches in time and space 8 The effect of tides on beach morphodynamics / Gerhard Masselink and Ian L. Turner 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Tide-induced migration of hydrodynamic processes 8.3 Tide-induced fluctuations of the beach ground water table 8.4 Morphological response to tides 8.5 The parameterisation of tidal effects 8.6 A morphodynamic classification of tidal beaches 8.7 Summary 9 Embayed and structurally controlled beaches / Andrew D. Short and Gerhard Masselink 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Beach planform 9.3 Beach morphodynamics 9.4 Beach rotation 9.5 Headland sand bypassing 9.6 Structural impacts 9.7 Summary PART D. BEACH SYSTEMS AND IMPACTS 10 Beach Modification: natural impacts on beach morphodynamics / Andrew D. Short 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Determining beach type, circulation and bar number 10.3 Modification by cold climates 10.4 Modification by tropical climates 10.5 Modification of beach parameters 10.6 Summary 11 Beach ecology / Andrew D. Short and Patrick A. Hesp 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Beach habitats 11.3 Beach organisms 11.4 The beach energy system 11.5 Beach ecology and beach systems 11.6 Physical implication 11.7 Summary 12 Beach and dune stratification / Andrew D. Short and Patrick A. Hesp 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Boundary layer processes 12.3 Beach type and stratification 12.4 Dune stratification 12.5 Summary 13 Beach hazards and safety / Andrew D. Short 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Beach hazards 13.3 Wave-dominated beach hazards 13.4 Tide-modified beach hazards 13.5 Beach hazard rating 13.6 Applications to beach management 13.7 Summary PART E. LARGE SCALE BEACH BEHAVIOUR 14 Barrier morphodynamics / Patrick A. Hesp and Andrew D. Short 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The origin of barriers 14.3 Factors contributing to barrier type and evolution 14.4 Barrier morphodynamics and types 14.5 Controls on barrier evolution 14.6 Conclusion References Author Index Location index Subject Index

Note: Inhalt: Vorwort zur deutschen Ausgabe. - Der Anfang. - Ich erlerne einen Beruf. - Meine Universitäten als Matrose. - Ich werde Rotgardist. - Als Partisan auf der Krim. - Bei der Tscheka. - Der Anfang des Polarweges. - Am äußersten Zipfel des Festlandes. - Die Expedition zum Pol wird vorbereitet. - Polaralltag. - Am Kreuzweg aller Meridiane. - Finsterer Sturm und weißer Schnee. - Die Wärme der Heimat. - Immer unterwegs. - Die wundervollen Leute von der "Sedow". - Krieg!. - In der Hauptstadt des Pomorenlandes. - In der Frontstadt Murmansk. - Das schwerste Jahr. - Weit im Osten. - Auf dem Wege zum Sieg. - Bevor es wieder Tag wurde. - Wie unsere Kameraden gekämpft haben. - Hilfe für die Front. - Meine Freunde. - Wir stechen in See. - Die "Akademik Kurtschatow" und andere Schiffe. - Borok. - Die Geographie ist eine exakte Wissenschaft. - Wenn ich Rückschau halte. , Aus dem Russischen übersetzt

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Summary poem. - Introduction. - 1. Oceanic freshwater fluxes in the climate system / Anders Stigebrandt. - 2. Global atmospheric circulation patterns and relationships to Arctic freshwater fluxes / J. E. Walsh. - 3. Atmospheric components of the Arctic Ocean freshwater balance and their interannual variability / R. G. Barry and M. C. Serreze. - 4. Hydroclimatology of the Arctic drainage basin / L. C. Bowling, D. P. Lettenmaier and B. V. Matheussen. - 5. The Arctic Ocean's freshwater budget: sources, storage and export / Eddy C. Carmack. - 6. The Arctic ocean freshwater budget of a climate general circulation model / Howard Cattle and Douglas Cresswell. - 7. Atmospheric components of the Arctic Ocean bydrologic budget assessed from Rawinsonde data / M. C. Serreze and R. G. Barry. - 8. Reanalyses depictions of the Arctic atmospheric moisture budget / D. H. Bromwich, R. I. Cullather and M. C. Serreze. - 9. Moisture transport to Arctic drainage basins relating to significant precipitation events and cyclogenesis / John R. Gyakum. - 10. Atmospheric climate models: simulation of the Arctic Ocean fresh water budget components / V. M. Kattsov, J. E. Walsh, A. Rinke and K. Dethloff. - 11. Discharge observation networks in Arctic regions: computation of the river runoff into the Arctic Ocean, its seasonality and variability / W. E. Grabs, F. Portmann and T. de Couet. - 12. Arctic river flow: a review of contributing areas / I. A. Shiklomanov, A. I. Shiklomanov, R. B. Lammers, B. J. Peterson and C. J. Vorosmarty. - 14. River input of water, sediment, major ions, nutrients and trace metals from Russian territory to the Arctic Ocean / V. V. Gordeev. - 15. The dispersion of Siberian river flows into coastal waters: meteorological, hydrological and hydrochemical aspects / I. P. Semiletov, N. I. Savelieva, G. E. Weller, I. I. Pipko, S. P. Pugach, A. Yu. Gukov and L. N. Vasilevskaya. - 16. The variable climate of the Mackenzie River basin: its water cycle and fresh water discharge / R. E. Stewart. - 17. Arctic estuaries and ice: a positive-negative estuarine couple / R. W. Macdonald. - 18. Satellite views of the Arctic Ocean freshwater balance / D. A. Rothrock, R. Kwok and D. Groves. - 19. Tracer studies of the Arctic freshwater budget / P. Schlosser, B. Ekwurzel, S. Khatiwala, B. Newton, W. Maslowski and S. Pfirman. - 20. Exchanges of freshwater through the shallow straits of the North American Arctic / Humfrey Melling. - 21. The transformations of Atlantic water in the Arctic Ocean and their significance for the freshwater budget / Bert Rudels and Hans J. Friedrich. - 22. Modelling the variability of exchanges between the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic seas / Rüdiger Gerdes. - 23. Sea ice growth, melt and modeling: a survey / Michael Steele and Gregory M. Flato. - 24. Fresh water freezing/melting cycle in the Arctic Ocean / G. V. Alekseev, L. V. Bulatov and V. F. Zakharov. - Colour plates. - Subject index.