ALBERT

Description: A cornerstone of Einstein's special relativity is Lorentz invariance-the postulate that all observers measure exactly the same speed of light in vacuum, independent of photon-energy. While special relativity assumes that there is no fundamental length-scale associated with such invariance, there is a fundamental scale (the Planck scale, l(Planck) approximately 1.62 x 10(-33) cm or E(Planck) = M(Planck)c(2) approximately 1.22 x 10(19) GeV), at which quantum effects are expected to strongly affect the nature of space-time. There is great interest in the (not yet validated) idea that Lorentz invariance might break near the Planck scale. A key test of such violation of Lorentz invariance is a possible variation of photon speed with energy. Even a tiny variation in photon speed, when accumulated over cosmological light-travel times, may be revealed by observing sharp features in gamma-ray burst (GRB) light-curves. Here we report the detection of emission up to approximately 31 GeV from the distant and short GRB 090510. We find no evidence for the violation of Lorentz invariance, and place a lower limit of 1.2E(Planck) on the scale of a linear energy dependence (or an inverse wavelength dependence), subject to reasonable assumptions about the emission (equivalently we have an upper limit of l(Planck)/1.2 on the length scale of the effect). Our results disfavour quantum-gravity theories in which the quantum nature of space-time on a very small scale linearly alters the speed of light.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abdo, A A -- Ackermann, M -- Ajello, M -- Asano, K -- Atwood, W B -- Axelsson, M -- Baldini, L -- Ballet, J -- Barbiellini, G -- Baring, M G -- Bastieri, D -- Bechtol, K -- Bellazzini, R -- Berenji, B -- Bhat, P N -- Bissaldi, E -- Bloom, E D -- Bonamente, E -- Bonnell, J -- Borgland, A W -- Bouvier, A -- Bregeon, J -- Brez, A -- Briggs, M S -- Brigida, M -- Bruel, P -- Burgess, J M -- Burnett, T H -- Caliandro, G A -- Cameron, R A -- Caraveo, P A -- Casandjian, J M -- Cecchi, C -- Celik, O -- Chaplin, V -- Charles, E -- Cheung, C C -- Chiang, J -- Ciprini, S -- Claus, R -- Cohen-Tanugi, J -- Cominsky, L R -- Connaughton, V -- Conrad, J -- Cutini, S -- Dermer, C D -- de Angelis, A -- de Palma, F -- Digel, S W -- Dingus, B L -- do Couto E Silva, E -- Drell, P S -- Dubois, R -- Dumora, D -- Farnier, C -- Favuzzi, C -- Fegan, S J -- Finke, J -- Fishman, G -- Focke, W B -- Foschini, L -- Fukazawa, Y -- Funk, S -- Fusco, P -- Gargano, F -- Gasparrini, D -- Gehrels, N -- Germani, S -- Gibby, L -- Giebels, B -- Giglietto, N -- Giordano, F -- Glanzman, T -- Godfrey, G -- Granot, J -- Greiner, J -- Grenier, I A -- Grondin, M-H -- Grove, J E -- Grupe, D -- Guillemot, L -- Guiriec, S -- Hanabata, Y -- Harding, A K -- Hayashida, M -- Hays, E -- Hoversten, E A -- Hughes, R E -- Johannesson, G -- Johnson, A S -- Johnson, R P -- Johnson, W N -- Kamae, T -- Katagiri, H -- Kataoka, J -- Kawai, N -- Kerr, M -- Kippen, R M -- Knodlseder, J -- Kocevski, D -- Kouveliotou, C -- Kuehn, F -- Kuss, M -- Lande, J -- Latronico, L -- Lemoine-Goumard, M -- Longo, F -- Loparco, F -- Lott, B -- Lovellette, M N -- Lubrano, P -- Madejski, G M -- Makeev, A -- Mazziotta, M N -- McBreen, S -- McEnery, J E -- McGlynn, S -- Meszaros, P -- Meurer, C -- Michelson, P F -- Mitthumsiri, W -- Mizuno, T -- Moiseev, A A -- Monte, C -- Monzani, M E -- Moretti, E -- Morselli, A -- Moskalenko, I V -- Murgia, S -- Nakamori, T -- Nolan, P L -- Norris, J P -- Nuss, E -- Ohno, M -- Ohsugi, T -- Omodei, N -- Orlando, E -- Ormes, J F -- Ozaki, M -- Paciesas, W S -- Paneque, D -- Panetta, J H -- Parent, D -- Pelassa, V -- Pepe, M -- Pesce-Rollins, M -- Petrosian, V -- Piron, F -- Porter, T A -- Preece, R -- Raino, S -- Ramirez-Ruiz, E -- Rando, R -- Razzano, M -- Razzaque, S -- Reimer, A -- Reimer, O -- Reposeur, T -- Ritz, S -- Rochester, L S -- Rodriguez, A Y -- Roth, M -- Ryde, F -- Sadrozinski, H F-W -- Sanchez, D -- Sander, A -- Saz Parkinson, P M -- Scargle, J D -- Schalk, T L -- Sgro, C -- Siskind, E J -- Smith, D A -- Smith, P D -- Spandre, G -- Spinelli, P -- Stamatikos, M -- Stecker, F W -- Strickman, M S -- Suson, D J -- Tajima, H -- Takahashi, H -- Takahashi, T -- Tanaka, T -- Thayer, J B -- Thayer, J G -- Thompson, D J -- Tibaldo, L -- Toma, K -- Torres, D F -- Tosti, G -- Troja, E -- Uchiyama, Y -- Uehara, T -- Usher, T L -- van der Horst, A J -- Vasileiou, V -- Vilchez, N -- Vitale, V -- von Kienlin, A -- Waite, A P -- Wang, P -- Wilson-Hodge, C -- Winer, B L -- Wood, K S -- Wu, X F -- Yamazaki, R -- Ylinen, T -- Ziegler, M -- England -- Nature. 2009 Nov 19;462(7271):331-4. doi: 10.1038/nature08574. Epub 2009 Oct 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19865083" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Pulsars are rapidly rotating, highly magnetized neutron stars emitting radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum. Although there are more than 1800 known radio pulsars, until recently only seven were observed to pulse in gamma rays, and these were all discovered at other wavelengths. The Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) makes it possible to pinpoint neutron stars through their gamma-ray pulsations. We report the detection of 16 gamma-ray pulsars in blind frequency searches using the LAT. Most of these pulsars are coincident with previously unidentified gamma-ray sources, and many are associated with supernova remnants. Direct detection of gamma-ray pulsars enables studies of emission mechanisms, population statistics, and the energetics of pulsar wind nebulae and supernova remnants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abdo, A A -- Ackermann, M -- Ajello, M -- Anderson, B -- Atwood, W B -- Axelsson, M -- Baldini, L -- Ballet, J -- Barbiellini, G -- Baring, M G -- Bastieri, D -- Baughman, B M -- Bechtol, K -- Bellazzini, R -- Berenji, B -- Bignami, G F -- Blandford, R D -- Bloom, E D -- Bonamente, E -- Borgland, A W -- Bregeon, J -- Brez, A -- Brigida, M -- Bruel, P -- Burnett, T H -- Caliandro, G A -- Cameron, R A -- Caraveo, P A -- Casandjian, J M -- Cecchi, C -- Celik, O -- Chekhtman, A -- Cheung, C C -- Chiang, J -- Ciprini, S -- Claus, R -- Cohen-Tanugi, J -- Conrad, J -- Cutini, S -- Dermer, C D -- de Angelis, A -- de Luca, A -- de Palma, F -- Digel, S W -- Dormody, M -- do Couto e Silva, E -- Drell, P S -- Dubois, R -- Dumora, D -- Farnier, C -- Favuzzi, C -- Fegan, S J -- Fukazawa, Y -- Funk, S -- Fusco, P -- Gargano, F -- Gasparrini, D -- Gehrels, N -- Germani, S -- Giebels, B -- Giglietto, N -- Giommi, P -- Giordano, F -- Glanzman, T -- Godfrey, G -- Grenier, I A -- Grondin, M-H -- Grove, J E -- Guillemot, L -- Guiriec, S -- Gwon, C -- Hanabata, Y -- Harding, A K -- Hayashida, M -- Hays, E -- Hughes, R E -- Johannesson, G -- Johnson, R P -- Johnson, T J -- Johnson, W N -- Kamae, T -- Katagiri, H -- Kataoka, J -- Kawai, N -- Kerr, M -- Knodlseder, J -- Kocian, M L -- Kuss, M -- Lande, J -- Latronico, L -- Lemoine-Goumard, M -- Longo, F -- Loparco, F -- Lott, B -- Lovellette, M N -- Lubrano, P -- Madejski, G M -- Makeev, A -- Marelli, M -- Mazziotta, M N -- McConville, W -- McEnery, J E -- Meurer, C -- Michelson, P F -- Mitthumsiri, W -- Mizuno, T -- Monte, C -- Monzani, M E -- Morselli, A -- Moskalenko, I V -- Murgia, S -- Nolan, P L -- Norris, J P -- Nuss, E -- Ohsugi, T -- Omodei, N -- Orlando, E -- Ormes, J F -- Paneque, D -- Parent, D -- Pelassa, V -- Pepe, M -- Pesce-Rollins, M -- Pierbattista, M -- Piron, F -- Porter, T A -- Primack, J R -- Raino, S -- Rando, R -- Ray, P S -- Razzano, M -- Rea, N -- Reimer, A -- Reimer, O -- Reposeur, T -- Ritz, S -- Rochester, L S -- Rodriguez, A Y -- Romani, R W -- Ryde, F -- Sadrozinski, H F-W -- Sanchez, D -- Sander, A -- Saz Parkinson, P M -- Scargle, J D -- Sgro, C -- Siskind, E J -- Smith, D A -- Smith, P D -- Spandre, G -- Spinelli, P -- Starck, J-L -- Strickman, M S -- Suson, D J -- Tajima, H -- Takahashi, H -- Takahashi, T -- Tanaka, T -- Thayer, J G -- Thompson, D J -- Tibaldo, L -- Tibolla, O -- Torres, D F -- Tosti, G -- Tramacere, A -- Uchiyama, Y -- Usher, T L -- Van Etten, A -- Vasileiou, V -- Vilchez, N -- Vitale, V -- Waite, A P -- Wang, P -- Watters, K -- Winer, B L -- Wolff, M T -- Wood, K S -- Ylinen, T -- Ziegler, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):840-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1175558. Epub 2009 Jul 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19574346" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Pulsars are born with subsecond spin periods and slow by electromagnetic braking for several tens of millions of years, when detectable radiation ceases. A second life can occur for neutron stars in binary systems. They can acquire mass and angular momentum from their companions, to be spun up to millisecond periods and begin radiating again. We searched Fermi Large Area Telescope data for pulsations from all known millisecond pulsars (MSPs) outside of globular clusters, using rotation parameters from radio telescopes. Strong gamma-ray pulsations were detected for eight MSPs. The gamma-ray pulse profiles and spectral properties resemble those of young gamma-ray pulsars. The basic emission mechanism seems to be the same for MSPs and young pulsars, with the emission originating in regions far from the neutron star surface.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abdo, A A -- Ackermann, M -- Ajello, M -- Atwood, W B -- Axelsson, M -- Baldini, L -- Ballet, J -- Barbiellini, G -- Baring, M G -- Bastieri, D -- Baughman, B M -- Bechtol, K -- Bellazzini, R -- Berenji, B -- Bignami, G F -- Blandford, R D -- Bloom, E D -- Bonamente, E -- Borgland, A W -- Bregeon, J -- Brez, A -- Brigida, M -- Bruel, P -- Burnett, T H -- Caliandro, G A -- Cameron, R A -- Camilo, F -- Caraveo, P A -- Carlson, P -- Casandjian, J M -- Cecchi, C -- Celik, O -- Charles, E -- Chekhtman, A -- Cheung, C C -- Chiang, J -- Ciprini, S -- Claus, R -- Cognard, I -- Cohen-Tanugi, J -- Cominsky, L R -- Conrad, J -- Corbet, R -- Cutini, S -- Dermer, C D -- Desvignes, G -- de Angelis, A -- de Luca, A -- de Palma, F -- Digel, S W -- Dormody, M -- do Couto e Silva, E -- Drell, P S -- Dubois, R -- Dumora, D -- Edmonds, Y -- Farnier, C -- Favuzzi, C -- Fegan, S J -- Focke, W B -- Frailis, M -- Freire, P C C -- Fukazawa, Y -- Funk, S -- Fusco, P -- Gargano, F -- Gasparrini, D -- Gehrels, N -- Germani, S -- Giebels, B -- Giglietto, N -- Giordano, F -- Glanzman, T -- Godfrey, G -- Grenier, I A -- Grondin, M H -- Grove, J E -- Guillemot, L -- Guiriec, S -- Hanabata, Y -- Harding, A K -- Hayashida, M -- Hays, E -- Hobbs, G -- Hughes, R E -- Johannesson, G -- Johnson, A S -- Johnson, R P -- Johnson, T J -- Johnson, W N -- Johnston, S -- Kamae, T -- Katagiri, H -- Kataoka, J -- Kawai, N -- Kerr, M -- Knodlseder, J -- Kocian, M L -- Kramer, M -- Kuss, M -- Lande, J -- Latronico, L -- Lemoine-Goumard, M -- Longo, F -- Loparco, F -- Lott, B -- Lovellette, M N -- Lubrano, P -- Madejski, G M -- Makeev, A -- Manchester, R N -- Marelli, M -- Mazziotta, M N -- McConville, W -- McEnery, J E -- McLaughlin, M A -- Meurer, C -- Michelson, P F -- Mitthumsiri, W -- Mizuno, T -- Moiseev, A A -- Monte, C -- Monzani, M E -- Morselli, A -- Moskalenko, I V -- Murgia, S -- Nolan, P L -- Norris, J P -- Nuss, E -- Ohsugi, T -- Omodei, N -- Orlando, E -- Ormes, J F -- Paneque, D -- Panetta, J H -- Parent, D -- Pelassa, V -- Pepe, M -- Pesce-Rollins, M -- Piron, F -- Porter, T A -- Raino, S -- Rando, R -- Ransom, S M -- Ray, P S -- Razzano, M -- Rea, N -- Reimer, A -- Reimer, O -- Reposeur, T -- Ritz, S -- Rochester, L S -- Rodriguez, A Y -- Romani, R W -- Roth, M -- Ryde, F -- Sadrozinski, H F W -- Sanchez, D -- Sander, A -- Saz Parkinson, P M -- Scargle, J D -- Schalk, T L -- Sgro, C -- Siskind, E J -- Smith, D A -- Smith, P D -- Spandre, G -- Spinelli, P -- Stappers, B W -- Starck, J L -- Striani, E -- Strickman, M S -- Suson, D J -- Tajima, H -- Takahashi, H -- Tanaka, T -- Thayer, J B -- Thayer, J G -- Theureau, G -- Thompson, D J -- Thorsett, S E -- Tibaldo, L -- Torres, D F -- Tosti, G -- Tramacere, A -- Uchiyama, Y -- Usher, T L -- Van Etten, A -- Vasileiou, V -- Venter, C -- Vilchez, N -- Vitale, V -- Waite, A P -- Wallace, E -- Wang, P -- Watters, K -- Webb, N -- Weltevrede, P -- Winer, B L -- Wood, K S -- Ylinen, T -- Ziegler, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):848-52. doi: 10.1126/science.1176113.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory,Washington, DC 20375, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19574349" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: We report the detection of gamma-ray emissions above 200 megaelectron volts at a significance level of 17sigma from the globular cluster 47 Tucanae, using data obtained with the Large Area Telescope onboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. Globular clusters are expected to emit gamma rays because of the large populations of millisecond pulsars that they contain. The spectral shape of 47 Tucanae is consistent with gamma-ray emission from a population of millisecond pulsars. The observed gamma-ray luminosity implies an upper limit of 60 millisecond pulsars present in 47 Tucanae.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abdo, A A -- Ackermann, M -- Ajello, M -- Atwood, W B -- Axelsson, M -- Baldini, L -- Ballet, J -- Barbiellini, G -- Bastieri, D -- Baughman, B M -- Bechtol, K -- Bellazzini, R -- Berenji, B -- Blandford, R D -- Bloom, E D -- Bonamente, E -- Borgland, A W -- Bregeon, J -- Brez, A -- Brigida, M -- Bruel, P -- Burnett, T H -- Caliandro, G A -- Cameron, R A -- Caraveo, P A -- Casandjian, J M -- Cecchi, C -- Celik, O -- Charles, E -- Chaty, S -- Chekhtman, A -- Cheung, C C -- Chiang, J -- Ciprini, S -- Claus, R -- Cohen-Tanugi, J -- Conrad, J -- Cutini, S -- Dermer, C D -- de Palma, F -- Digel, S W -- Dormody, M -- do Couto e Silva, E -- Drell, P S -- Dubois, R -- Dumora, D -- Farnier, C -- Favuzzi, C -- Fegan, S J -- Focke, W B -- Frailis, M -- Fukazawa, Y -- Fusco, P -- Gargano, F -- Gasparrini, D -- Gehrels, N -- Germani, S -- Giebels, B -- Giglietto, N -- Giordano, F -- Glanzman, T -- Godfrey, G -- Grenier, I A -- Grove, J E -- Guillemot, L -- Guiriec, S -- Hanabata, Y -- Harding, A K -- Hayashida, M -- Hays, E -- Horan, D -- Hughes, R E -- Johannesson, G -- Johnson, A S -- Johnson, R P -- Johnson, T J -- Johnson, W N -- Kamae, T -- Katagiri, H -- Kawai, N -- Kerr, M -- Knodlseder, J -- Kuehn, F -- Kuss, M -- Lande, J -- Latronico, L -- Lemoine-Goumard, M -- Longo, F -- Loparco, F -- Lott, B -- Lovellette, M N -- Lubrano, P -- Makeev, A -- Mazziotta, M N -- McConville, W -- McEnery, J E -- Meurer, C -- Michelson, P F -- Mitthumsiri, W -- Mizuno, T -- Moiseev, A A -- Monte, C -- Monzani, M E -- Morselli, A -- Moskalenko, I V -- Murgia, S -- Nolan, P L -- Norris, J P -- Nuss, E -- Ohsugi, T -- Omodei, N -- Orlando, E -- Ormes, J F -- Paneque, D -- Panetta, J H -- Parent, D -- Pelassa, V -- Pepe, M -- Pierbattista, M -- Piron, F -- Porter, T A -- Raino, S -- Rando, R -- Razzano, M -- Rea, N -- Reimer, A -- Reimer, O -- Reposeur, T -- Ritz, S -- Rochester, L S -- Rodriguez, A Y -- Romani, R W -- Roth, M -- Ryde, F -- Sadrozinski, H F-W -- Sanchez, D -- Sander, A -- Saz Parkinson, P M -- Sgro, C -- Smith, D A -- Smith, P D -- Spandre, G -- Spinelli, P -- Starck, J-L -- Strickman, M S -- Suson, D J -- Tajima, H -- Takahashi, H -- Tanaka, T -- Thayer, J B -- Thayer, J G -- Thompson, D J -- Tibaldo, L -- Torres, D F -- Tosti, G -- Tramacere, A -- Uchiyama, Y -- Usher, T L -- Vasileiou, V -- Vilchez, N -- Vitale, V -- Wang, P -- Webb, N -- Winer, B L -- Wood, K S -- Ylinen, T -- Ziegler, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Aug 14;325(5942):845-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1177023.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19679807" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are highly energetic explosions signaling the death of massive stars in distant galaxies. The Gamma-ray Burst Monitor and Large Area Telescope onboard the Fermi Observatory together record GRBs over a broad energy range spanning about 7 decades of gammaray energy. In September 2008, Fermi observed the exceptionally luminous GRB 080916C, with the largest apparent energy release yet measured. The high-energy gamma rays are observed to start later and persist longer than the lower energy photons. A simple spectral form fits the entire GRB spectrum, providing strong constraints on emission models. The known distance of the burst enables placing lower limits on the bulk Lorentz factor of the outflow and on the quantum gravity mass.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fermi LAT and Fermi GBM Collaborations -- Abdo, A A -- Ackermann, M -- Arimoto, M -- Asano, K -- Atwood, W B -- Axelsson, M -- Baldini, L -- Ballet, J -- Band, D L -- Barbiellini, G -- Baring, M G -- Bastieri, D -- Battelino, M -- Baughman, B M -- Bechtol, K -- Bellardi, F -- Bellazzini, R -- Berenji, B -- Bhat, P N -- Bissaldi, E -- Blandford, R D -- Bloom, E D -- Bogaert, G -- Bogart, J R -- Bonamente, E -- Bonnell, J -- Borgland, A W -- Bouvier, A -- Bregeon, J -- Brez, A -- Briggs, M S -- Brigida, M -- Bruel, P -- Burnett, T H -- Burrows, D -- Busetto, G -- Caliandro, G A -- Cameron, R A -- Caraveo, P A -- Casandjian, J M -- Ceccanti, M -- Cecchi, C -- Celotti, A -- Charles, E -- Chekhtman, A -- Cheung, C C -- Chiang, J -- Ciprini, S -- Claus, R -- Cohen-Tanugi, J -- Cominsky, L R -- Connaughton, V -- Conrad, J -- Costamante, L -- Cutini, S -- Deklotz, M -- Dermer, C D -- de Angelis, A -- de Palma, F -- Digel, S W -- Dingus, B L -- do Couto E Silva, E -- Drell, P S -- Dubois, R -- Dumora, D -- Edmonds, Y -- Evans, P A -- Fabiani, D -- Farnier, C -- Favuzzi, C -- Finke, J -- Fishman, G -- Focke, W B -- Frailis, M -- Fukazawa, Y -- Funk, S -- Fusco, P -- Gargano, F -- Gasparrini, D -- Gehrels, N -- Germani, S -- Giebels, B -- Giglietto, N -- Giommi, P -- Giordano, F -- Glanzman, T -- Godfrey, G -- Goldstein, A -- Granot, J -- Greiner, J -- Grenier, I A -- Grondin, M-H -- Grove, J E -- Guillemot, L -- Guiriec, S -- Haller, G -- Hanabata, Y -- Harding, A K -- Hayashida, M -- Hays, E -- Hernando Morat, J A -- Hoover, A -- Hughes, R E -- Johannesson, G -- Johnson, A S -- Johnson, R P -- Johnson, T J -- Johnson, W N -- Kamae, T -- Katagiri, H -- Kataoka, J -- Kavelaars, A -- Kawai, N -- Kelly, H -- Kennea, J -- Kerr, M -- Kippen, R M -- Knodlseder, J -- Kocevski, D -- Kocian, M L -- Komin, N -- Kouveliotou, C -- Kuehn, F -- Kuss, M -- Lande, J -- Landriu, D -- Larsson, S -- Latronico, L -- Lavalley, C -- Lee, B -- Lee, S-H -- Lemoine-Goumard, M -- Lichti, G G -- Longo, F -- Loparco, F -- Lott, B -- Lovellette, M N -- Lubrano, P -- Madejski, G M -- Makeev, A -- Marangelli, B -- Mazziotta, M N -- McBreen, S -- McEnery, J E -- McGlynn, S -- Meegan, C -- Meszaros, P -- Meurer, C -- Michelson, P F -- Minuti, M -- Mirizzi, N -- Mitthumsiri, W -- Mizuno, T -- Moiseev, A A -- Monte, C -- Monzani, M E -- Moretti, E -- Morselli, A -- Moskalenko, I V -- Murgia, S -- Nakamori, T -- Nelson, D -- Nolan, P L -- Norris, J P -- Nuss, E -- Ohno, M -- Ohsugi, T -- Okumura, A -- Omodei, N -- Orlando, E -- Ormes, J F -- Ozaki, M -- Paciesas, W S -- Paneque, D -- Panetta, J H -- Parent, D -- Pelassa, V -- Pepe, M -- Perri, M -- Pesce-Rollins, M -- Petrosian, V -- Pinchera, M -- Piron, F -- Porter, T A -- Preece, R -- Raino, S -- Ramirez-Ruiz, E -- Rando, R -- Rapposelli, E -- Razzano, M -- Razzaque, S -- Rea, N -- Reimer, A -- Reimer, O -- Reposeur, T -- Reyes, L C -- Ritz, S -- Rochester, L S -- Rodriguez, A Y -- Roth, M -- Ryde, F -- Sadrozinski, H F-W -- Sanchez, D -- Sander, A -- Saz Parkinson, P M -- Scargle, J D -- Schalk, T L -- Segal, K N -- Sgro, C -- Shimokawabe, T -- Siskind, E J -- Smith, D A -- Smith, P D -- Spandre, G -- Spinelli, P -- Stamatikos, M -- Starck, J-L -- Stecker, F W -- Steinle, H -- Stephens, T E -- Strickman, M S -- Suson, D J -- Tagliaferri, G -- Tajima, H -- Takahashi, H -- Takahashi, T -- Tanaka, T -- Tenze, A -- Thayer, J B -- Thayer, J G -- Thompson, D J -- Tibaldo, L -- Torres, D F -- Tosti, G -- Tramacere, A -- Turri, M -- Tuvi, S -- Usher, T L -- van der Horst, A J -- Vigiani, L -- Vilchez, N -- Vitale, V -- von Kienlin, A -- Waite, A P -- Williams, D A -- Wilson-Hodge, C -- Winer, B L -- Wood, K S -- Wu, X F -- Yamazaki, R -- Ylinen, T -- Ziegler, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 27;323(5922):1688-93. doi: 10.1126/science.1169101. Epub 2009 Feb 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19228997" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: X-ray binaries are composed of a normal star in orbit around a neutron star or stellar-mass black hole. Radio and x-ray observations have led to the presumption that some x-ray binaries called microquasars behave as scaled-down active galactic nuclei. Microquasars have resolved radio emission that is thought to arise from a relativistic outflow akin to active galactic nuclei jets, in which particles can be accelerated to large energies. Very high energy gamma-rays produced by the interactions of these particles have been observed from several active galactic nuclei. Using the High Energy Stereoscopic System, we find evidence for gamma-ray emission of 〉100 gigaelectron volts from a candidate microquasar, LS 5039, showing that particles are also accelerated to very high energies in these systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aharonian, F -- Akhperjanian, A G -- Aye, K-M -- Bazer-Bachi, A R -- Beilicke, M -- Benbow, W -- Berge, D -- Berghaus, P -- Bernlohr, K -- Boisson, C -- Bolz, O -- Borrel, V -- Braun, I -- Breitling, F -- Brown, A M -- Bussons Gordo, J -- Chadwick, P M -- Chounet, L-M -- Cornils, R -- Costamante, L -- Degrange, B -- Dickinson, H J -- Djannati-Atai, A -- Drury, L O'c -- Dubus, G -- Emmanoulopoulos, D -- Espigat, P -- Feinstein, F -- Fleury, P -- Fontaine, G -- Fuchs, Y -- Funk, S -- Gallant, Y A -- Giebels, B -- Gillessen, S -- Glicenstein, J F -- Goret, P -- Hadjichristidis, C -- Hauser, M -- Heinzelmann, G -- Henri, G -- Hermann, G -- Hinton, J A -- Hofmann, W -- Holleran, M -- Horns, D -- Jacholkowska, A -- de Jager, O C -- Khelifi, B -- Komin, Nu -- Konopelko, A -- Latham, I J -- Le Gallou, R -- Lemiere, A -- Lemoine-Goumard, M -- Leroy, N -- Lohse, T -- Marcowith, A -- Martin, J-M -- Martineau-Huynh, O -- Masterson, C -- McComb, T J L -- de Naurois, M -- Nolan, S J -- Noutsos, A -- Orford, K J -- Osborne, J L -- Ouchrif, M -- Panter, M -- Pelletier, G -- Pita, S -- Puhlhofer, G -- Punch, M -- Raubenheimer, B C -- Raue, M -- Raux, J -- Rayner, S M -- Reimer, A -- Reimer, O -- Ripken, J -- Rob, L -- Rolland, L -- Rowell, G -- Sahakian, V -- Sauge, L -- Schlenker, S -- Schlickeiser, R -- Schuster, C -- Schwanke, U -- Siewert, M -- Sol, H -- Spangler, D -- Steenkamp, R -- Stegmann, C -- Tavernet, J-P -- Terrier, R -- Theoret, C G -- Tluczykont, M -- Vasileiadis, G -- Venter, C -- Vincent, P -- Volk, H J -- Wagner, S J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jul 29;309(5735):746-9. Epub 2005 Jul 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institut fur Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16002580" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Very high energy gamma-rays probe the long-standing mystery of the origin of cosmic rays. Produced in the interactions of accelerated particles in astrophysical objects, they can be used to image cosmic particle accelerators. A first sensitive survey of the inner part of the Milky Way with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) reveals a population of eight previously unknown firmly detected sources of very high energy gamma-rays. At least two have no known radio or x-ray counterpart and may be representative of a new class of "dark" nucleonic cosmic ray sources.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aharonian, F -- Akhperjanian, A G -- Aye, K-M -- Bazer-Bachi, A R -- Beilicke, M -- Benbow, W -- Berge, D -- Berghaus, P -- Bernlohr, K -- Boisson, C -- Bolz, O -- Borgmeier, C -- Braun, I -- Breitling, F -- Brown, A M -- Gordo, J Bussons -- Chadwick, P M -- Chounet, L-M -- Cornils, R -- Costamante, L -- Degrange, B -- Djannati-Atai, A -- Drury, L O'C -- Dubus, G -- Ergin, T -- Espigat, P -- Feinstein, F -- Fleury, P -- Fontaine, G -- Funk, S -- Gallant, Y A -- Giebels, B -- Gillessen, S -- Goret, P -- Hadjichristidis, C -- Hauser, M -- Heinzelmann, G -- Henri, G -- Hermann, G -- Hinton, J A -- Hofmann, W -- Holleran, M -- Horns, D -- de Jager, O C -- Jung, I -- Khelifi, B -- Komin, Nu -- Konopelko, A -- Latham, I J -- Le Gallou, R -- Lemiere, A -- Lemoine, M -- Leroy, N -- Lohse, T -- Marcowith, A -- Masterson, C -- McComb, T J L -- de Naurois, M -- Nolan, S J -- Noutsos, A -- Orford, K J -- Osborne, J L -- Ouchrif, M -- Panter, M -- Pelletier, G -- Pita, S -- Puhlhofer, G -- Punch, M -- Raubenheimer, B C -- Raue, M -- Raux, J -- Rayner, S M -- Redondo, I -- Reimer, A -- Reimer, O -- Ripken, J -- Rob, L -- Rolland, L -- Rowell, G -- Sahakian, V -- Sauge, L -- Schlenker, S -- Schlickeiser, R -- Schuster, C -- Schwanke, U -- Siewert, M -- Sol, H -- Steenkamp, R -- Stegmann, C -- Tavernet, J-P -- Terrier, R -- Theoret, C G -- Tluczykont, M -- van der Walt, D J -- Vasileiadis, G -- Venter, C -- Vincent, P -- Visser, B -- Volk, H J -- Wagner, S J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Mar 25;307(5717):1938-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institut fur Kernphysik, Post Office Box 103980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15790849" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉