ALBERT

Beschreibung: The formation of stroma is essential for tumor growth and involves complex interactions between malignant tumor cells, and non-tumor stromal cells. We have previously demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) integrate into solid tumors as stromal elements (Cancer Res62:3603, 2002; JNCI96:1593, 2004,), suggesting the development of anti-cancer therapies based on the intratumoral production of agents by gene-modified MSC. However, no direct evidence has demonstrated this migration and selective engraftment into the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, we noninvasively visualized MSC using luciferase bioluminescence. MSC were labeled by a fiber modified Ad vector expressing firefly luciferase (AdLux-F/RGD) and these MSC-Lux were injected into normal (healthy) SCID mice or mice bearing established metastatic breast or ovarian tumors. Biodistributed MSC-Lux were imaged utilizing the Xenogen IVIS detection system. In normal mice, human MSC (hMSC) migrated to the lungs where they remained resident for 7–10 days. In animals bearing established metastatic lung tumors, IV injected hMSC again migrated to the lungs. However, in contrast to control mice, the Lux signal remained strong over a 15-day period with only a slight decrease over the first 10 days. After IP injection, hMSC-LUX were detected in the peritoneum, and after 7 days, no hMSC-LUX was detected in normal animals, while strong punctate regions of LUX-activity were observed in ovarian tumors. In contrast to SCID mice injected with hMSC, healthy Balb/C mice injected with Balb/C derived MSC-LUX initially migrated to the lungs and within 2.5 hrs had exited the lungs to remain liver and spleen resident for 5–7 days. When tumor cells were transduced with renilla luciferase constructs, the co-localization and dynamic interactions of firefly luciferase MSC and renilla luciferase tumors could be examined in detail. Mechanisms regulating the MSC-tumor interactions involve TGF-beta, HGF/c-Met, and EGFR and will be discussed. We then examined whether hMSC-producing interferon-beta (IFNb-MSC) could inhibit the growth of metastatic tumors in the lungs of SCID mice. When injected IV (4 doses of 106 MSC/week) into SCID mice bearing pulmonary metastases of carcinomas or melanomas, tumor growth was significantly inhibited as compared to untreated or vector-control MSC controls (p= 0.007), while recombinant IFNb protein (50,000 IU qod) was ineffective (p=0.14). IV injected IFNb-MSC prolonged the survival of mice bearing metastatic breast carcinomas (p=0.001) Intraperitoneal (IP) injections of IFN-MSC into mice carrying ovarian carcinomas resulted in doubling of survival in SKOV-3, and cures in 70% of mice carrying OVAR-3 tumors. MSC injected into the ipsilateral or contralateral carotid artery were found to localize to glioma xenografts in mice and IFNb-MSC significantly (p

Beschreibung: Wnt/β-catenin signaling is central to bone development and homeostasis in adulthood and its deregulation is associated with bone pathologies. Dickkopf-1 (DKK1), a soluble inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling required for embryonic head development, regulates Wnt signaling by binding to the Wnt coreceptor lipoprotein-related protein-5 (LRP5)/Arrow. LRP5 mutations causing high bone mass syndromes disrupt DKK1-mediated regulation of LRP5. Forced overexpression of Dkk1 in osteoblasts causes osteopenia, disruption of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche, and defects in HSC function. Dkk1 also inhibits fracture repair. Studies suggest that DKK1 activation in osteoblasts is the underlying cause of glucocorticoid- and estrogen deficiency–mediated osteoporosis, and at least partially underlies the teratogenic effects of thalidomide on limb development. DKK1 induces proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in vitro and may play a role in the development of high-grade undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas derived from MSC and osteosarcomas. DKK1 has been implicated in causing erosive arthritis, the osteolytic phenotypes of multiple myeloma and metastatic breast cancer, and osteoblastic metastases of prostate cancer. Preclinical studies have shown that neutralizing DKK1/Dkk1 and/or enhancing Wnt/β-catenin signaling may prove effective in treating bone pathologies. Here, we review the rapidly growing body of literature defining a pivotal role for DKK1 in bone health and disease.