ALBERT

Beschreibung: Initial molecular events leading to natural killer lymphocyte (NK) and dendritic cell (DC) interactions are largely unknown. Here, the role of CX3CL1 (fractalkine), a chemokine expressed on mature dendritic cells (mDCs) has been investigated. We show that CX3CL1 promotes NK activation by mDCs. After blocking of CX3CL1 by antibody, no activation occurred but major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I neutralization restored DC-mediated NK activation, suggesting an interaction between CX3CL1 signaling and the functioning of inhibitory KIR. Then the YTS NK cell line, in which the inhibitory receptor KIR2DL1 had been introduced, was used. The presence of KIR2DL1 did not decrease YTS activation by HLA-Cw4 DC when CX3CL1 was functional. In contrast, CX3CL1 neutralization led to killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) phosphorylation and SHP-1 recruitment in YTSKIR2DL1 cultured with HLA-Cw4 mDCs. Moreover, CX3CL1 neutralization promoted dispersion of lipid rafts and the formation of a multiprotein complex required for cytoskeletal rearrangements in YTS NK cells. These findings point to a pivotal role of CX3CL1 in the activation of resting NK cells by mature DCs.

Beschreibung: The human CD20 molecule (hCD20) is a B-cell lineage specific marker expressed by normal and leukemic B cells from the pre-B to the plasma-cell stages and a target for Rituximab (Rx) immunotherapy. During the course of a CD20 RTPCR on B-cell line cDNA, we unexpectedly obtained a shorter PCR product (ΔCD20) in addition to the expected 894bp PCR product (wtCD20). Sequencing analysis revealed that this additional fragment was identical to Genbank published CD20 sequence, but lacked 501bp. In silico analysis of the wtCD20 sequence, using Genesplicer and NetGene 2 softwares, showed donor and acceptor sites (nt112 & nt611 respectively, from ATG codon) matching the newly identified spliced DCD20 form and a branched site located in nt595 exon 3 of the gene respectively. The CD20 spliced mRNA form links part of the end of exon 3 to that of exon 7. The truncated sequence is on the reading frame and can code a putative protein of 130 amino-acids (~15KD) including the intracellular C- terminal domain with part of the transmembrane 1 (TM1) domain and the end of the N-terminal intracellular domain. The extracellular domain and large parts of the 4 TM segments are deleted suggesting that the putative ΔCD20 may be a non-anchored membrane protein. Using CD20 PCR assays amplifying either both wtCD20 and ΔCD20 forms or ΔCD20 alone, we detected the truncated mRNA DCD20 form in different B cell lines (n=12) but not in different T-cell lines (n=4). With a QPCR assay allowing for the specific quantification of either wtCD20 or truncated DCD20 mRNA we also detected the ΔCD20 spliced form [expressed as relative % of ΔCD20: R = (ΔCD20/wtCD20+ΔCD20) × 100] in in-vitro EBV-transformed B-cell lines (2.9 ± 4.51%, n=6); as well as in CD19+ cell sorted cells from tonsillectomy samples (9 ± 2.2%, n=7) and in-vitro B blast cells (14 ± 7.8%, n=5). Interestingly, screening of a panel of B-cell hematologic malignancies showed that the spliced form is detectable at various levels. We found a mean of 3.6 ± 5.1% in B-ALL (n=27); 3.9 ± 5.3% in follicular lymphomas (n=5); 2.9 ± 4.5% in mantle lymphomas (n=6); 3.2 ± 2.2% in high grade lymphomas (n=5); and 0.1 ± 0.2% in B-CLL (n=8). However, this spliced form was not detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells or in immunomagnetically-sorted CD19+ or CD20+ blood cells from healthy donors. To explore clinical relevance, molecular monitoring of ΔCD20 in the marrow was performed in 2 patients. A 1rst patient with mantle lymphoma, showed an R of 4.2% at diagnosis (diag). After chemotherapy (VAD + chloraminophen) + Rx, R was 2.2% at +12 mo (×1.9 decrease from diag) and 1.8% at +18mo (×1.3 decrease/+12mo). This was in accordance with the cytological (absence of lymphoma cells) and the molecular response (absence of cyclinD1 overexpression). A second patient, with a Phi+ B-ALL, showed an ×13.7 R-decrease compared to diag (from 4.1% to 0.3%) following treatment according to the molecular response. Interestingly, R increased up to 2.6% at +8 months (×8.6/6mo) and 3% (×1.1/8mo) at +12 months after treatment, while molecular and cytological relapse was evidenced only 12 mo after treatment. In conclusion, we report evidence of a novel alternatively spliced transcript of the hCD20 gene, specifically expressed at detectable levels in leukemic, lymphoma, activated or EBV-transformed B cells, but not in normal resting B cells. Further experiments will determine whether the ΔCD20 mRNA spliced form modulates wtCD20 expression and thus influences the response to Rx treatment in hematologic B diseases. However, our initial results suggest that DCD20 quantification may be an indicator of minimal residual disease, as a potential predictive marker of relapse, especially in patients with no other molecular marker.