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  • 1
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    Performance assessment of the Optical Transient Detector and Lightning Imaging Sensor (2007)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-05-11
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union
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  • 2
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    Classification of Tropical Oceanic Precipitation using High-Altitude Aircraft Microwave and Electric Field Measurements (2006)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-01
    Description: During the 1998 and 2001 hurricane seasons of the western Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, the Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (AMPR), the ER-2 Doppler (EDOP) radar, and the Lightning Instrument Package (LIP) were flown aboard the NASA ER-2 high-altitude aircraft as part of the Third Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-3) and the Fourth Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX-4). Several hurricanes, tropical storms, and other precipitation systems were sampled during these experiments. An oceanic rainfall screening technique has been developed using AMPR passive microwave observations of these systems collected at frequencies of 10.7, 19.35, 37.1, and 85.5 GHz. This technique combines the information content of the four AMPR frequencies regarding the gross vertical structure of hydrometeors into an intuitive and easily executable precipitation mapping format. The results have been verified using vertical profiles of EDOP reflectivity and lower-altitude horizontal reflectivity scans collected by the NOAA WP-3D Orion radar. Matching the rainfall classification results with coincident electric field information collected by the LIP readily identifies convective rain regions within the precipitation fields. This technique shows promise as a real-time research and analysis tool for monitoring vertical updraft strength and convective intensity from airborne platforms such as remotely operated or uninhabited aerial vehicles. The technique is analyzed and discussed for a wide variety of precipitation types using the 26 August 1998 observations of Hurricane Bonnie near landfall.
    Print ISSN: 0022-4928
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0469
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 3
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    Electric fields, conductivity, and estimated currents from aircraft overflights of electrified clouds (2009)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-23
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union
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  • 4
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    Charge transfer and in-cloud structure of large-charge-moment positive lightning strokes in a mesoscale convective system (2009)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Geophysical Union
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  • 5
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    The ENSO Effect on the Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Global Lightning Activity (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: The recently reprocessed (1997-2006) OTD/LIS database is used to investigate the global lightning climatology in response to the ENSO cycle. A linear correlation map between lightning anomalies and ENSO (NINO3.4) identifies areas that generally follow patterns similar to precipitation anomalies. We also observed areas where significant lightning/ENSO correlations are found and are not accompanied of significant precipitation/ENSO correlations. An extreme case of the strong decoupling between lightning and precipitation is observed over the Indonesian peninsula (Sumatra) where positive lightning/NINO3.4 correlations are collocated with negative precipitation/NINO3.4 correlations. Evidence of linear relationships between the spatial extent of thunderstorm distribution and the respective NINO3.4 magnitude are presented for different regions on the Earth. Strong coupling is found over areas remote to the main ENSO axis of influence and both during warm and cold ENSO phases. Most of the resulted relationships agree with the tendencies of precipitation related to ENSO empirical maps or documented teleconnection patterns. Over the Australian continent, opposite behavior in terms of thunderstorm activity is noted for warm ENSO phases with NINO3.4 magnitudes with NINO3.4〉+l.08 and 0〈NqNO3.4〈I.08. Finally, we investigate the spatial distribution of areas that consistently portrayed enhanced lightning activity during the main warm/cold (El Nino/La Nina) ENSO episodes of the past decade. The observed patterns show no spatial overlapping and identify areas that in their majority are in agreement with empirical precipitation/ENSO maps. The areas that appear during the warm ENSO phase are found over regions that have been identified as anomalous Hadley circulation ENSO-related patterns. The areas that appear during the cold ENSO phase are found predominantly around the west hemisphere equatorial belt and are in their majority identified by anomalous Walker circulation.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    First Results from the Washington D.C. Metropolitan Area Lighting Map Demonstration Project (2007)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: An experimental portable lightning mapping array (LMA) operating in the upper VHF TV band (Channels 7-13; 174-216 MHz) was deployed in the Washington DC Metropolitan area during the summer 2006 to locate and monitor the overall lightning activity. The LMA network provides total lightning data to support lightning research as well as proxy data to benefit the development of applications for planned observing systems such as the GOES-R Geostationary Lightning Mapper. The portable LMA hardware is a compactly-housed, easily deployed version of the LMA stations installed North Alabama, Oklahoma, and New Mexico, which operate in the lower VHF TV band (Channels 2-6,54-88 MHz). Real-time LMA data products are provided to the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office (WFO) in Sterling, VA to aid in their forecast and warning operations. Forecasters at WFO Sterling have already found the lightning data from the Washington DC demonstration network to be very useful in assessing the development of storm systems. On July 4,2006, data from the LMA aided forecasters as they monitored an area of convection that later developed into a line of severe storms that moved southward through the Washington DC metropolitan area across the Washington Mall. Additional applications of lightning mapping data in the Baltimore-Washington DC urban environment will be discussed.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: 2006 Fall AGU Meeting, Physics and Detection of Thunderstorm Electrification and Lightning; Dec 11, 2006 - Dec 15, 2006; San Francisco, CA; United States
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Electric Field Profiles over Hurricanes, Tropical Cyclones, and Thunderstorms with an Instrumented ER-2 Aircraft (2007)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Over the past several years, we have flown a set of calibrated electric field meters (FMs) on the NASA high altitude ER-2 aircraft over oceanic and landbased storms in a number of locations. These included tropical oceanic cyclones and hurricanes in the Caribbean and Atlantic ocean during the Third and Fourth Convection And Moisture EXperiment (CAMEX-3,1998; CAMEX-4, 2001), thunderstorms in Florida during the TExas FLorida UNderflight (TEFLUN, 1998) experiment, tropical thunderstorms in Brazil during the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission - Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (TRMM LBA, 1999), and finally, hurricanes and tropical cyclones in the Caribbean and Western Pacific and thunderstorms in Central America during the Tropical Cloud Systems and Processes (TCSP, 2005) mission. Between these various missions we have well over 50 sorties that provide a unique insights on the different electrical environment, evolution and activity occurring in and around these various types of storms. In general, the electric fields over the tropical oceanic storms and hurricanes were less than a few kilovolts per meter at the ER-2 altitude, while the lightning rates were low. Land-based thunderstorms often produced high lightning activity and correspondingly higher electric fields.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: International Conferences on Atmospheric Electricity (ICAE)/International Commission on Atmospheric Electricity; Aug 13, 2007 - Aug 17, 2007; Beijing; China
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Diurnal Lightning Distributions as Observed by the Optical Transient Detector (OTD) and the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) (2007)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Data obtained from the OTD (April 1995 to March 2000) and LIS (December 1997 to December 2005) satellites (70 and 35 degree inclination low earth orbits, respectively) are used to statistically determine the number of flashes in the diurnal cycle both as a function of local and universal time. Also included are global flash density maps. The data are further subdivided by season, continental versus oceanic, night time versus day time, northern versus southern hemisphere, and other regions of interest. The data include corrections for detection efficiency and instrument view time. The data are compared with both the "Carnegie Curve" and the diurnal global thunderstorm contributions from thunderday statistics from different continents, and are found to agree closely in phase and amplitude with the global thunderday statistics. The analysis also indicates that the southern hemisphere spring (September to November) has larger amplitude than the southern hemisphere fall (March to May). This may be due to differences in the contribution from the Brazilian rain forest during these periods. In general, as highlighted by a difference analysis, more lightning is observed in local springtime than the fall for continental locations, while oceanic regions display an opposite effect. For some areas of the world, the peak of diurnal curve appears to be shifted to later in the evening.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: International Conferences on Atmospheric Electricity (ICAE); Aug 13, 2007 - Aug 17, 2007; Beijing; China|International Commission on Atmospheric Electricity; Aug 13, 2007 - Aug 17, 2007; Beijing; China
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  • 9
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    GOES-R Geostationary Lightning Mapper Performance Specifications and Algorithms (2008)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) is a single channel, near-IR imager/optical transient event detector, used to detect, locate and measure total lightning activity over the full-disk. The next generation NOAA Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-R) series will carry a GLM that will provide continuous day and night observations of lightning. The mission objectives for the GLM are to: (1) Provide continuous, full-disk lightning measurements for storm warning and nowcasting, (2) Provide early warning of tornadic activity, and (2) Accumulate a long-term database to track decadal changes of lightning. The GLM owes its heritage to the NASA Lightning Imaging Sensor (1997- present) and the Optical Transient Detector (1995-2000), which were developed for the Earth Observing System and have produced a combined 13 year data record of global lightning activity. GOES-R Risk Reduction Team and Algorithm Working Group Lightning Applications Team have begun to develop the Level 2 algorithms and applications. The science data will consist of lightning "events", "groups", and "flashes". The algorithm is being designed to be an efficient user of the computational resources. This may include parallelization of the code and the concept of sub-dividing the GLM FOV into regions to be processed in parallel. Proxy total lightning data from the NASA Lightning Imaging Sensor on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite and regional test beds (e.g., Lightning Mapping Arrays in North Alabama, Oklahoma, Central Florida, and the Washington DC Metropolitan area) are being used to develop the prelaunch algorithms and applications, and also improve our knowledge of thunderstorm initiation and evolution.
    Keywords: Instrumentation and Photography
    Type: 2008 NOAA STAR GOES-R AWG Review; Jun 23, 2008 - Jun 26, 2008; Madison, Wi; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Diurnal Lightning Distributions as Observed by the Optical Transient Detector (OTD) and the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Data obtained from the Optical Transient Detector (April 1995 to March 2000) and the Lightning Imaging Sensor (December 1997 to December 2005) satellites (70 and 35 inclination low earth orbits, respectively) are used to statistically determine the number of flashes in the annual and seasonal diurnal cycle as a function of local and universal time. The data are further subdivided by season, land versus ocean, northern versus southern hemisphere, and other spatial (e.g., continents) and temporal (e.g., time of peak diurnal amplitude) categories. The data include corrections for detection efficiency and instrument view time. Continental results display strong diurnal variation, with a lightning peak in the late afternoon and a minimum in late morning. In regions of the world dominated by large mesoscale convective systems the peak in the diurnal curve shifts toward late evening or early morning hours. The maximum diurnal flash rate occurs in June-August, corresponding to the Northern Hemisphere summer, while the minimum occurs in December-February. Summer lightning dominates over winter activity and springtime lightning dominates over autumn activity at most continental locations. This latter behavior occurs especially strongly over the Amazon region in South America in September-November. Oceanic lightning activity in winter and autumn tends to exceed that in summer and spring. Global lightning is well correlated in phase but not in amplitude with the Carnegie curve. The diurnal flash rate varies about 4-35 percent about the mean, while the Carnegie curve varies around 4-15 percent.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: 13th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity; Aug 13, 2007 - Aug 17, 2007; Beijing; China
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