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  • 1
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    Observational and model evidence for positive low-level cloud feedback (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-25
    Description: Feedbacks involving low-level clouds remain a primary cause of uncertainty in global climate model projections. This issue was addressed by examining changes in low-level clouds over the Northeast Pacific in observations and climate models. Decadal fluctuations were identified in multiple, independent cloud data sets, and changes in cloud cover appeared to be linked to changes in both local temperature structure and large-scale circulation. This observational analysis further indicated that clouds act as a positive feedback in this region on decadal time scales. The observed relationships between cloud cover and regional meteorological conditions provide a more complete way of testing the realism of the cloud simulation in current-generation climate models. The only model that passed this test simulated a reduction in cloud cover over much of the Pacific when greenhouse gases were increased, providing modeling evidence for a positive low-level cloud feedback.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clement, Amy C -- Burgman, Robert -- Norris, Joel R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 24;325(5939):460-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1171255.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Division of Meteorology and Physical Oceanography, MSC 362, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA. aclement@rsmas.miami.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19628865" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Optical satellite imagery detection of internal wave effects from a submerged turbulent outfall in the stratified ocean (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-06-01
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Geophysical Union
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Segregation of leucogranite microplutons during syn-anatectic deformation: an example from the Taylor Valley, Antarctica (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 10 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: A suite of migmatites in uppermost amphibolite facies schists of the Koettlitz Group exposed in the Taylor Valley, Antarctica, provides direct evidence of the behaviour of partially molten rock during syn-anatectic deformation. The geometry of the migmatites is directly related to their position relative to the hinge of a kilometre-scale antiform. Migmatitic rocks on the fold limbs are characterized by extensional shears and fractures, filled with leucosome material, that intersect the pervasive foliation and millimetre-thick stromatic leucosomes. Vein- and dyke-like leucosomes become more common and thicker from the limb to the hinge region of the antiform. Rocks characterized by high leucosome-to-rock ratios near the antiform hinge are xenolithic in appearance. Major parasitic folds within the hinge contain leucogranite ‘microplutons’ up to 50 m across beneath refractory ‘cap-rock’ layers.Angular boudinage structures in schists surrounded by leucosomes indicate a relatively low yield strength in the leucosome, which is compatible with a molten rather than solid leucosome. Leucogranite-bearing extensional shears and fractures indicate that repeated extensional fracturing and shearing promoted by high fluid (melt) pressure is an important mechanism of melt segregation. Dilation in the hinges of developing folds aids the migration of melt into fold hinges and the development of 10–50-m-wide ‘microplutons’ of xenolith-rich leucogranite.Lack of vapour-absent melting and consequent low melt-to-rock ratios allowed the Koettlitz Group to maintain its structural coherency on a kilometre scale. Consequently, leucosome ‘microplutons’ did not exceed 50 m in width, and therefore observed leucosomes have not contributed to the development of adjacent plutonic-scale granitoids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1992.tb00107.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grain boundary migration of water and carbon dioxide during uplift of garnet-zone Alpine Schist, New Zealand (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 11 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Deformed quartz veins in garnet-zone schist adjacent to the active Alpine Fault, New Zealand, have fluid inclusions trapped along quartz grain boundaries. Textures suggest that the inclusions formed in their present shapes during annealing of the deformed veins. Many of the inclusions are empty, but some contain carbon dioxide with densities that range from 0.16 to 0.80 g cm−3. No water, nitrogen or methane was detected. The inclusions are considerably more CO2-rich than either the primary metamorphic fluid (〈5% CO2) or fluids trapped in fracture-related situations in the same, or related, rocks (〈50% CO2). Enrichment of CO2 is inferred to have resulted from selective migration (wicking) of saline water from the inclusions along water-wet grain boundaries after cooling-induced immiscibility of a water-CO2 mixture. Inclusion volumes changed after loss of water. Non-wetting CO2 remained trapped in the inclusions until further percolation progressively removed CO2 in solution. This mechanism of fluid migration dominated in ductile quartz-rich rocks near, but below, the brittle-ductile transition. At deeper levels, hydraulic fracturing is also an important mechanism for fluid migration, whereas at shallower levels advection through open fractures dominates the fluid flow regime.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1993.tb00154.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radioactive Contamination at Chelyabinsk-65, Russia (1993)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 18 (1993), S. 507-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-3466
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.18.110193.002451
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sugarbeet tolerance and weed control efficacy with split applications of phenmedipham plus desmedipham (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 31 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Sugarbeet and weeds were treated with phenmedipham plus desmedipham either as single applications or as split applications in which 50% of the equivalent single application rate was applied at each application. Split application did not alter the phytotoxicity to the crop when environmental conditions did not predispose the Sugarbeet to injury by the herbicide. Split applications at 1-1 or 1-4 kg ha−1 spaced from 0-5 to c. 5 days apart caused more injury to the crop than the respective single applications when environmental conditions were such that injury to the crop resulted from the single applications. Injury to Sugarbeet following application of 0-72 kg ha−1 of phenmedipham plus desmedipham was always low, regardless of the type of application. Susceptible weeds were controlled by single applications of 1 1-1 −4 kg ha−1, but 0-72 kg ha−1 did not reliably provide adequate control. Split applications c. 3-8 days apart gave improved control. Control achieved by 0-72 kg ha−1 of the herbicide applied as split treatments equalled or exceeded that produced by single applications of 1-4 kg ha−1. Improvement in the control of tolerant weed species by split applications of phenmedipham plus desmedipham was species dependent. Use of low-rate split applications of phenmedipham plus desmedipham thus resulted in reduced injury to the Sugarbeet, and the introduction of less herbicide into the ecosystem, while maintaining or improving the control of susceptible weeds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1991.tb01772.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A supercluster of IRAS galaxies behind the Great Attractor (1990)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 343 (1990), S. 45-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IRAS galaxies are regarded as good tracers of mass in the universe, especially because their surface-density distribution on the sky can be fitted by a dipole the axis of which coincides with that of the cosmic microwave background10'13 when viewed from the Local Group barycentre. We are using the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/343045a0
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The parallax and proper motion of PSRI451–68 (1990)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 343 (1990), S. 240-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] As part of a survey to determine the proper motions of several radio pulsars visible in the Southern Hemisphere using the Parkes-Tidbinbilla interferometer (PTI)1'2, we observed the pulsar PSR1451-68 together with a nearby reference source on several occasions between November 1986 ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/343240a0
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water quality assessment programs in Australia deciding what to measure, and how and where to use bioindicators (1990)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 14 (1990), S. 115-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Effective water quality assessment programs require the formulation of common objectives between managers who are making decisions and scientists who are obtaining the information on which those decisions are to be made. The data collected must be apropriate for use in the decision making process. After the objectives have been formulated a number of testable hypotheses can be proposed and evaluated in terms of what information is required for decision making. From a management perspective it is important to know if an impact occurs and what management strategy to adopt to reduce or eliminate the impact. When bioaccumulators are used to indicate environmental quality the organisms proposed need to be fully evaluated before being used. Communities, which are often used to assess levels of impact, have the capacity to assimilate pollutants and they will function under pollutant stress. Thus managers need to make value judgements about when a community structure or function has shifted from acceptable to adverse. Bioassays in which the effects of pollutants on growth, biochemistry and behaviour are measured, give an indication of the sub-lethal effects of a pollutant, but it is difficult to set meaningful levels that are not to be exceeded for use by managers. Difficulties in using chemical and biological data mainly arise from a lack of appreciation of environmental heterogeneity. The data obtained must meet the needs for statistically testing hypotheses. Before programs can be designed to meet statistical needs the potential sources of variability must be considered. Once the minimum differences that are seen as important have been determined, the number of replicates needed can be calculated. Data verification is also needed, as if the validity of data is questioned, so will any decisions that have been made based on those data. Finally programs should be designed to minimize the sampling effort/cost to meet the objectives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00677912
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Framework for designing sampling programs (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 30 (1994), S. 139-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A general framework for designing sampling programs is described. As part of the sampling program the problem of concern, or reason for sampling, needs to be clearly stated and objectives specified. The development of a conceptual model will assist the clarification of objectives and the choice of indicators to be sampled. Objectives can then be stated as testable hypotheses and decisions made about the samallest difference/changes that are to be detected/observed by the sampling. To allow the collection of representative samples, and the statistical analysis of data to be collected, the potential sources of variability in the data must be considered. Site, selection, frequency and replication must account for the expected variability. Before field collection of samples occurs, the sample collection device needs to be tested as to its efficiency to collect a representative sample. It also will usually be necessary to consider how samples are to be preserved to inhibit biological and chemical change. All sample programs require a quality assurance program to identify, measure and control errors. As well as the above the cost-effectiveness of the program should be evaluated in terms of maximizing the information obtained/cost.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545619
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