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  • 2010-2014  (64)
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  • 1
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    Climatic changes in western North America, 1950–2005 (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-15
    Description: The rate of climatic change over western North America (WNA) is quantified for 485 climate stations for the period 1950–2005. Additionally, six stations with quality long-term records were selected and analysed for the period 1906–2005. The indicators used were developed by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the World Climate Research Program's Expert Team on Climate Change Detection, Monitoring and Indices (ETCCDMI). From the 27 core indices, 4 temperature-based and 4 precipitation-based indicators were selected for in-depth analysis. The 8 million km 2 study area is comprised of the 22 contiguous US states and 4 Canadian provinces west of the Mississippi River and Great Lakes. The results were divided into six general regions for interpretation and presentation. GIS interpolation of station-specific statistical output was completed to further aid in the identification of spatially coherent trends across WNA. Mean slopes were calculated over the whole study area, and by region, for each index, and then tested to determine if they were significantly different from zero. Results of the study show statistically significant historical climate trends across the study area. As expected in a region as geographically diverse as WNA, results differed between, and within, regions. Overall, temperature-based indicators showed a general warming trend over the entire study area, with the greatest increases along the North American Cordillera. The trends in precipitation-based indicators were more varied. General trends indicate moderately increasing precipitation volume and intensity over much of WNA. The strongest precipitation trends were found in areas with climate largely controlled by air masses originating over the Gulf of Mexico. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
    Print ISSN: 0899-8418
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-0088
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 2
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    Expression, Purification, and Reconstitution of a Diatom Silicon Transporter (2012)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-26
    Description: Biochemistry DOI: 10.1021/bi3000484
    Print ISSN: 0006-2960
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-4995
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by American Chemical Society (ACS)
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  • 3
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    Improving the characterization of Quaternary deposits for groundwater vulnerability assessments using maps of recharge and attenuation potential (2011)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-01
    Description: Assessing aquifer vulnerability is difficult for bedrock aquifers concealed by highly variable superficial deposits such as glacial till. Many current groundwater vulnerability maps, and the geological maps on which they are based, do not adequately account for regional and vertical variations in the characteristics of superficial deposits. A new method for characterizing recharge potential and contaminant retardation potential of superficial deposits is presented here, which captures primary geological and hydrogeological expert knowledge in a systematic manner. The method modifies existing superficial geology maps using Quaternary domains and their descriptions, bedrock lithology and thickness of superficial deposits, and applies additional information on superficial geology and bedrock lithology. Central to the method is a matrix that allows local geological and hydrogeological knowledge to be incorporated in a systematic and traceable manner. The scale-independent method has been piloted at 1:625 000 scale to produce maps of recharge and attenuation potential for Great Britain. Preliminary verification against several indicators (HOST data, the Scottish vulnerability screening tool, and nitrate data) has been encouraging. The method is being used by the Environment Agency as part of its vulnerability assessments for the characterization of groundwater bodies as required by the Water Framework Directive.
    Print ISSN: 1470-9236
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 4
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    Physical properties of simulated galaxy populations at z = 2 - II. Effects of cosmology, reionization and ISM physics (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-12
    Description: We use hydrodynamical simulations from the OverWhelmingly Large Simulations project to investigate the dependence of the physical properties of galaxy populations at redshift 2 on the assumed star formation law, the equation of state imposed on the unresolved interstellar medium, the stellar initial mass function, the reionization history and the assumed cosmology. This work complements that of Paper I, where we studied the effects of varying models for galactic winds driven by star formation and active galactic nucleus. The normalization of the matter power spectrum strongly affects the galaxy mass function, but has a relatively small effect on the physical properties of galaxies residing in haloes of a fixed mass. Reionization suppresses the stellar masses and gas fractions of low-mass galaxies, but by z  = 2 the results are insensitive to the timing of reionization. The stellar initial mass function mainly determines the physical properties of galaxies through its effect on the efficiency of the feedback, while changes in the recycled mass and metal fractions play a smaller role. If we use a recipe for star formation that reproduces the observed star formation law independently of the assumed equation of state of the unresolved interstellar medium, then the latter is unimportant. The star formation law, i.e. the gas consumption time-scale as a function of surface density, determines the mass of dense, star-forming gas in galaxies, but affects neither the star formation rate nor the stellar mass. This can be understood in terms of self-regulation: the gas fraction adjusts until the outflow rate balances the inflow rate.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Physical properties of simulated galaxy populations at z = 2 - I. Effect of metal-line cooling and feedback from star formation and AGN (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-12
    Description: We use hydrodynamical simulations from the OverWhelmingly Large Simulations ( OWLS ) project to investigate the dependence of the physical properties of galaxy populations at redshift 2 on metal-line cooling and feedback from star formation and active galactic nuclei (AGN). We find that if the sub-grid feedback from star formation is implemented kinetically, the feedback is only efficient if the initial wind velocity exceeds a critical value. This critical velocity increases with galaxy mass and also if metal-line cooling is included. This suggests that radiative losses quench the winds if their initial velocity is too low. If the feedback is efficient, then the star formation rate is inversely proportional to the amount of energy injected per unit stellar mass formed (which is proportional to the initial mass loading for a fixed wind velocity). This can be understood if the star formation is self-regulating, i.e. if the star formation rate (and thus the gas fraction) increases until the outflow rate balances the inflow rate. Feedback from AGN is efficient at high masses, while increasing the initial wind velocity with gas pressure or halo mass allows one to generate galaxy-wide outflows at all masses. Matching the observed galaxy mass function requires efficient feedback. In particular, the predicted faint-end slope is too steep unless we resort to highly mass loaded winds for low-mass objects. Such efficient feedback from low-mass galaxies ( M * 〈〈 10 10 M ) also reduces the discrepancy with the observed specific star formation rates, which are higher than predicted unless the feedback transitions from highly efficient to inefficient just below M *  ~ 5 10 9 M .
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    Climatic changes in western North America, 1950–2005 (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-15
    Description: The rate of climatic change over western North America (WNA) is quantified for 485 climate stations for the period 1950–2005. Additionally, six stations with quality long-term records were selected and analysed for the period 1906–2005. The indicators used were developed by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the World Climate Research Program's Expert Team on Climate Change Detection, Monitoring and Indices (ETCCDMI). From the 27 core indices, 4 temperature-based and 4 precipitation-based indicators were selected for in-depth analysis. The 8 million km 2 study area is comprised of the 22 contiguous US states and 4 Canadian provinces west of the Mississippi River and Great Lakes. The results were divided into six general regions for interpretation and presentation. GIS interpolation of station-specific statistical output was completed to further aid in the identification of spatially coherent trends across WNA. Mean slopes were calculated over the whole study area, and by region, for each index, and then tested to determine if they were significantly different from zero. Results of the study show statistically significant historical climate trends across the study area. As expected in a region as geographically diverse as WNA, results differed between, and within, regions. Overall, temperature-based indicators showed a general warming trend over the entire study area, with the greatest increases along the North American Cordillera. The trends in precipitation-based indicators were more varied. General trends indicate moderately increasing precipitation volume and intensity over much of WNA. The strongest precipitation trends were found in areas with climate largely controlled by air masses originating over the Gulf of Mexico. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
    Print ISSN: 0899-8418
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-0088
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 7
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    The CYP27B1 variant associated with an increased risk of autoimmune disease is underexpressed in tolerizing dendritic cells (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-20
    Description: Genome-wide association studies have identified a linkage disequilibrium (LD) block on chromosome 12 associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune diseases. This block contains CYP27B1, which catalyzes the conversion of 25 vitamin D3 (VitD3) to 1,25VitD3. Fine-mapping analysis has failed to identify which of the 17 genes in this block is most associated with MS. We have previously used a functional approach to identify the causal gene. We showed that the expression of several genes in this block in whole blood is highly associated with the MS risk allele, but not CYP27B1. Here, we show that CYP27B1 is predominantly expressed in dendritic cells (DCs). Its expression in these cells is necessary for their response to VitD, which is known to upregulate pathways involved in generating a tolerogenic DC phenotype. Here, we utilize a differentiation protocol to generate inflammatory (DC1) and tolerogenic (DC2) DCs, and show that for the MS risk allele CYP27B1 is underexpressed in DCs, especially DC2s. Of the other Chr12 LD block genes expressed in these cells, only METT21B expression was as affected by the genotype. Another gene associated with autoimmune diseases, CYP24A1, catabolizes 1,25 VitD3, and is predominantly expressed in DCs, but equally between DC1s and DC2s. Overall, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that reduced VitD pathway gene upregulation in DC2s of carriers of the risk haplotype of CYP27B1 contributes to autoimmune diseases. These data support therapeutic approaches aimed at targeting VitD effects on DCs.
    Print ISSN: 0964-6906
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2083
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    Ocean warming, a rapid distributional shift and the hybridization of a coastal fish species (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-23
    Description: Despite increasing awareness of large-scale climate-driven distribution shifts in the marine environment, no study has linked rapid ocean warming to a shift in distribution and consequent hybridization of a marine fish species. This study describes rapid warming (0.8°C/decade) in the coastal waters of the Angola-Benguela Frontal Zone over the last three decades and a concomitant shift by a temperature sensitive coastal fish species ( Argyrosomus coronus ) southward from Angola into Namibia. In this context, rapid shifts in distribution across Economic Exclusive Zones will complicate the management of fishes, particularly when there is a lack of congruence in the fisheries policy between nations Evidence for recent hybridization between A. coronus and a congener, A. inodorus , indicate that the rapid shift in distribution of A. coronus has placed adults of the two species in contact during their spawning events. Ocean warming may therefore revert established species isolation mechanisms and alter the evolutionary history of fishes. While the consequences of the hybridization on the production of the resource remain unclear, this will most likely introduce additional layers of complexity to their management. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 9
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    Chemical Methods for Decoding Cytosine Modifications in DNA (2014)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-06
    Description: Chemical Reviews DOI: 10.1021/cr5002904
    Print ISSN: 0009-2665
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-6890
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by American Chemical Society (ACS)
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  • 10
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    Quantitative sequencing of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine at single-base resolution (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-28
    Description: 5-Methylcytosine can be converted to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in mammalian DNA by the ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes. We introduce oxidative bisulfite sequencing (oxBS-Seq), the first method for quantitative mapping of 5hmC in genomic DNA at single-nucleotide resolution. Selective chemical oxidation of 5hmC to 5-formylcytosine (5fC) enables bisulfite conversion of 5fC to uracil. We demonstrate the utility of oxBS-Seq to map and quantify 5hmC at CpG islands (CGIs) in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and identify 800 5hmC-containing CGIs that have on average 3.3% hydroxymethylation. High levels of 5hmC were found in CGIs associated with transcriptional regulators and in long interspersed nuclear elements, suggesting that these regions might undergo epigenetic reprogramming in ES cells. Our results open new questions on 5hmC dynamics and sequence-specific targeting by TETs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Booth, Michael J -- Branco, Miguel R -- Ficz, Gabriella -- Oxley, David -- Krueger, Felix -- Reik, Wolf -- Balasubramanian, Shankar -- 095645/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 11961/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- G0801156/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 18;336(6083):934-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1220671. Epub 2012 Apr 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22539555" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 5-Methylcytosine/*analysis ; Animals ; *CpG Islands ; Cytosine/*analogs & derivatives/analysis/chemistry ; DNA/*chemistry/genetics ; DNA Methylation ; *Embryonic Stem Cells/physiology ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Genes, Intracisternal A-Particle ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements ; Mice ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Rhenium/chemistry ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sulfites ; Transcription, Genetic ; Uracil/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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