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  • 1
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    Update on Development of the Potassium-Argon Laser Experiment (KArLE) Instrument for In Situ Geochronology (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Absolute dating of planetary samples is an essential tool to establish the chronology of geological events, including crystallization history, magmatic evolution, and alteration. We are addressing this challenge by developing the Potassium (K) -- Argon Laser Experiment (KArLE), building on previous work to develop a K-Ar in situ instrument. KArLE ablates a rock sample, determines the K in the plasma state using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), measures the liberated Ar using quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS), and relates the two by the volume of the ablated pit using laser confocal microscopy (LCM). Our goal is for the KArLE instrument to be capable of determining the age of several kinds of planetary samples to address a wide range of geochronolgy problems in planetary science.
    Keywords: Instrumentation and Photography
    Type: M13-2401 , 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC)/Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI) and Universities Space Research Association (USRA); Mar 18, 2013 - Mar 22, 2013; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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  • 2
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    Development of the Potassium-Argon Laser Experiment (KArLE) Instrument for In Situ Geochronology (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Absolute dating of planetary samples is an essential tool to establish the chronology of geological events, including crystallization history, magmatic evolution, and alteration. Traditionally, geochronology has only been accomplishable on samples from dedicated sample return missions or meteorites. The capability for in situ geochronology is highly desired, because it will allow one-way planetary missions to perform dating of large numbers of samples. The success of an in situ geochronology package will not only yield data on absolute ages, but can also complement sample return missions by identifying the most interesting rocks to cache and/or return to Earth. In situ dating instruments have been proposed, but none have yet reached TRL 6 because the required high-resolution isotopic measurements are very challenging. Our team is now addressing this challenge by developing the Potassium (K) - Argon Laser Experiment (KArLE) under the NASA Planetary Instrument Definition and Development Program (PIDDP), building on previous work to develop a K-Ar in situ instrument [1]. KArLE uses a combination of several flight-proven components that enable accurate K-Ar isochron dating of planetary rocks. KArLE will ablate a rock sample, determine the K in the plasma state using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), measure the liberated Ar using quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS), and relate the two by the volume of the ablated pit using an optical method such as a vertical scanning interferometer (VSI). Our preliminary work indicates that the KArLE instrument will be capable of determining the age of several kinds of planetary samples to +/-100 Myr, sufficient to address a wide range of geochronology problems in planetary science.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: M12-1943 , International Workshop on Instrumentation for Planetary Missions (IPM-2-12); Oct 10, 2012 - Oct 12, 2012; Greenbelt, MD; United States
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  • 3
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    The Search for Ammonia in Martian Soils with Curiosity's SAM Instrument (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Nitrogen is the second or third most abundant constituent of the Martian atmosphere [1,2]. It is a bioessential element, a component of all amino acids and nucleic acids that make up proteins, DNA and RNA, so assessing its availability is a key part of Curiosity's mission to characterize Martian habitability. In oxidizing desert environments it is found in nitrate salts that co-occur with perchlorates [e.g., 3], inferred to be widespread in Mars soils [4-6]. A Mars nitrogen cycle has been proposed [7], yet prior missions have not constrained the state of surface N. Here we explore Curiosity's ability to detect N compounds using data from the rover's first solid sample. Companion abstracts describe evidence for nitrates [8] and for nitriles (C(triple bond)N) [9]; we focus here on nonnitrile, reduced-N compounds as inferred from bonded N-H. The simplest such compound is ammonia (NH3), found in many carbonaceous chondrite meteorites in NH4(+) salts and organic compounds [e.g., 10].
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: JSC-CN-27933 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 18, 2013 - Mar 22, 2013; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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  • 4
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    Laser Ablation Mass Spectrometer (LAMS) as a Standoff Analyzer in Space Missions for Airless Bodies (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A laser ablation mass spectrometer (LAMS) based on a time-of-flight (TOF) analyzer with adjustable drift length is proposed as a standoff elemental composition sensor for space missions to airless bodies. It is found that the use of a retarding potential analyzer in combination with a two-stage reflectron enables LAMS to be operated at variable drift length. For field-free drift lengths between 33 cm to 100 cm, at least unit mass resolution can be maintained solely by adjustment of internal voltages, and without resorting to drastic reductions in sensitivity. Therefore, LAMS should be able to be mounted on a robotic arm and analyze samples at standoff distances of up to several tens of cm, permitting high operational flexibility and wide area coverage of heterogeneous regolith on airless bodies.
    Keywords: Instrumentation and Photography
    Type: GSFC.JA.6690.2012
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  • 5
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    It's a Trap! A Review of MOMA and Other Ion Traps in Space or Under Development (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Since the Viking Program, quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) instruments have been used to explore a wide survey of planetary targets in our solar system, including (from the inner to outer reaches): Venus (Pioneer); our moon (LADEE); Mars (Viking, Phoenix, and Mars Science Laboratory); and, Saturns largest moon Titan (Cassini-Huygens). More recently, however, ion trap mass spectrometer (ITMS) instruments have found a niche as smaller, versatile alternatives to traditional quadrupole mass analyzers, capable of in situ characterization of planetary environments and the search for organic matter. For example, whereas typical QMS systems are limited to a mass range up to 500 Da and normally require multiple RF frequencies and pressures of less than 10(exp -6) mbar for optimal operation, ITMS instruments commonly reach upwards of 1000 Da or more on a single RF frequency, and function in higher pressure environments up to 10(exp -3) mbar.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN18368 , International Workshop on Instrumentation for Planetary Missions (IPM-2014); Nov 04, 2014 - Nov 07, 2014; Greenbelt, MD; United States
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  • 6
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    A Miniature Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer for in Situ Analysis of Mars Surface Composition and Identification of Hazard in Advance of Future Manned Exploration (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Future landed missions to Mars will be guided by two strategic directions: (1) sample return to Earth, for comprehensive compositional analyses, as recommended by the 2011 NRC Planetary Decadal Survey; and (2) preparation for human exploration in the 2030s and beyond, as laid out by US space policy. The resultant mission architecture will likely require high-fidelity in situ chemical/organic sample analyses within an extremely constrained resource envelope. Both science goals (e.g., MEPAG Goal 1, return sample selection, etc.) as well as identification of any potential toxic and biological hazards to humans, must be addressed. Over the past several years of instrument development, we have found that the adaptable, compact, and highly capable technique of laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LD-TOF-MS) has significant potential to contribute substantially to these dual objectives. This concept thus addresses Challenge Area 1: instrumentation and Investigation Approaches.
    Keywords: Instrumentation and Photography
    Type: GSFC.CPR.6508.2012 , Concepts and Approaches to Mars Exploration Meeting; Jun 11, 2012 - Jun 14, 2012; Houston, TX; United States
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  • 7
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    Investigating the Origin and Evolution of Venus with In Situ Mass Spectrometry (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: The exploration of Venus continues to be a top priority of planetary science. The Planetary Decadal Survey goals for inner-planet exploration seek to discern the origin and diversity of terrestrial planets, understand how the evolution of terrestrial planets relates to the evolution of life, and explore the processes that control climate on Earth-like planets [1]. These goals can only be realized through continued and extensive exploration of Venus, the most mysterious of the terrestrial planets, remarkably different from the Earth despite the gross similarities between these twin planets. It is unknown if this apparent divergence was intrinsic, programmed during accretion from distinct nebular reservoirs, or a consequence of either measured or catastrophic processes during planetary evolution. Even if the atmosphere of Venus is a more recent development, its relationship to the resurfacing of the planets enigmatic surface is not well understood. Resolving such uncertainties directly addresses the hypothesis of a more clement, possibly water-rich era in Venus past as well as whether Earth could become more Venus-like in the future.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN18258 , International Workshop on Instrumentation for Planetary Missions; Nov 04, 2014 - Nov 07, 2014; Greenbelt, MD; United States
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  • 8
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    Curiosity's Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) Investigation: Overview of Results from the First 120 Sols on Mars (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: During the first 120 sols of Curiosity s landed mission on Mars (8/6/2012 to 12/7/2012) SAM sampled the atmosphere 9 times and an eolian bedform named Rocknest 4 times. The atmospheric experiments utilized SAM s quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) and tunable laser spectrometer (TLS) while the solid sample experiments also utilized the gas chromatograph (GC). Although a number of core experiments were pre-programmed and stored in EEProm, a high level SAM scripting language enabled the team to optimize experiments based on prior runs.
    Keywords: Space Sciences (General)
    Type: JSC-CN-27928 , Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 18, 2013 - Mar 22, 2013; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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  • 9
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    Laser Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry for Future In Situ Planetary Missions (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LD-TOF-MS) is a versatile, low-complexity instrument class that holds significant promise for future landed in situ planetary missions that emphasize compositional analysis of surface materials. Here we describe a 5kg-class instrument that is capable of detecting and analyzing a variety of analytes directly from rock or ice samples. Through laboratory studies of a suite of representative samples, we show that detection and analysis of key mineral composition, small organics, and particularly, higher molecular weight organics are well suited to this instrument design. A mass range exceeding 100,000 Da has recently been demonstrated. We describe recent efforts in instrument prototype development and future directions that will enhance our analytical capabilities targeting organic mixtures on primitive and icy bodies. We present results on a series of standards, simulated mixtures, and meteoritic samples.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC.CPR.6830.2012 , Instrumentation for Planetary Missions Workshop/NASA; Oct 12, 2012; Greenbelt, MD; United States
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  • 10
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    Heavy Noble Gas Measurements on Mars with SAM (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-26
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN7429 , 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; Mar 18, 2013 - Mar 22, 2013; The Woodlands, TX; United States
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