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  • Other Sources  (75)
  • 2010-2014  (43)
  • 2000-2004  (32)
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  • 1
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    High-Resolution Imaging of Texture and Microstructure by the Moving Detector Method (2010)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: In order to describe texture and microstructure of a polycrystalline material completely, crystal orientation g={?1F?2} must be known in all points x={x1?x2?x3} of the material. This can be achieved by locationresolved diffraction of high-energy, i.e. short-wave, X-rays from synchrotron sources. Highest resolution in the orientation- as well as the location-coordinates can be achieved by three variants of a detector sweeping technique in which an area detector is continuously moved during exposure. This technique results in two-dimensionally continuous images which are sections and projections of the six-dimensional orientation location space. Further evaluation of these images depends on whether individual grains are resolved in them or not. Because of the high penetration depth of high-energy synchrotron radiation in matter, this technique is also, and particularly, suitable for the investigation of the interior of big samples.
    Description: research
    Keywords: 548 ; VAE 120 ; VKA 200 ; VGA 410 ; Methodik {Strukturgeologie} ; Gefügekunde der Gesteine ; Röntgenanalyse {Mineralogie: Kristallographie}
    Language: English
    Type: article , publishedVersion
    Format: 18 S.
    Format: application/pdf
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 2
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    Wasserhaushalt alternativer Deponie-Oberflächenabschlusssysteme (2010)
    Univ. Bochum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Seit 1999 wird auf einer Siedlungsabfalldeponie der Deponieklasse II im Ruhrgebiet die hydrologische Leistungsfähigkeit eines alternativen Oberflächenabschlusssystems mit mineralischer Dichtschicht bei einer Neigung von ca. 3% untersucht. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte geklärt werden, ob mit einem Wassereintrag in den Deponiekörper zu rechnen ist. Im Feldversuch wird die Wirksamkeit des gesamten Dichtungssystems ermittelt. Mit Hilfe des 2-dimensionalen Simulationsmodells HYDRUS-2D (Simunek et al., 1996) wird die hydrologische Funktionsweise des Oberflächenabschlusssystems nachvollzogen und der Einfluss des kf-Wertes der mineralischen Dichtschicht auf die Systemdichtigkeit untersucht. Durch Modellrechnungen wurde der Frage nachgegangen, welchen Einfluss ein veränderter kf-Wert auf den lateralen Abfluss oberhalb der Dichtschicht und auf die Verdunstung aus der Rekultivierungsschicht besitzt.
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: 363.7
    Language: German
    Type: monograph , publishedVersion
    Format: 264 S.
    Format: application/pdf
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 3
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    Statistical analysis of dislocation dynamics during viscoplastic deformation from acoustic emission (2000)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Hannover, D. Reidel Publishing Company, vol. 105, no. B1, pp. 433-442, pp. L09303, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Statistical investigations ; Inelastic ; Acoustic emission ; SOC ; Elasticity ; Laboratory measurements ; ice ; Fracture ; Physical properties of rocks ; Non-linear effects ; JGR ; 3220 ; Mathematical ; geophysics ; (new ; field) ; Nonlinear ; dynamics ; 3902 ; Mineral ; physics ; Creep ; and ; deformation ; 5102 ; Physical ; properties ; of ; rocks ; Acoustic ; properties ; 5120 ; Plasticity, ; diffusion, ; and ; creep
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Atmospheric energy for subsurface life on Mars? (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The location and density of biologically useful energy sources on Mars will limit the biomass, spatial distribution, and organism size of any biota. Subsurface Martian organisms could be supplied with a large energy flux from the oxidation of photochemically produced atmospheric H(2) and CO diffusing into the regolith. However, surface abundance measurements of these gases demonstrate that no more than a few percent of this available flux is actually being consumed, suggesting that biological activity driven by atmospheric H(2) and CO is limited in the top few hundred meters of the subsurface. This is significant because the available but unused energy is extremely large: for organisms at 30-m depth, it is 2,000 times previous estimates of hydrothermal and chemical weathering energy and far exceeds the energy derivable from other atmospheric gases. This also implies that the apparent scarcity of life on Mars is not attributable to lack of energy. Instead, the availability of liquid water may be a more important factor limiting biological activity because the photochemical energy flux can only penetrate to 100- to 1,000-m depth, where most H(2)O is probably frozen. Because both atmospheric and Viking lander soil data provide little evidence for biological activity, the detection of short-lived trace gases will probably be a better indicator of any extant Martian life.
    Keywords: Exobiology
    Type: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (ISSN 0027-8424); Volume 97; 4; 1395-9
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Human interactions in space: results from Shuttle/Mir (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Background: Anecdotal reports from space and results from simulation studies on Earth have suggested that space crewmembers may experience decrements in their interpersonal environment over time and may displace tension and dysphoria to mission control personnel. Methods: To evaluate these issues, we studied 5 American astronauts, 8 Russian cosmonauts, and 42 American and 16 Russian mission control personnel who participated in the Shuttle/Mir space program. Subjects completed questions from subscales of the Profile of Mood States, the Group Environment Scale, and the Work Environment Scale on a weekly basis before, during, and after the missions. Results: Among the crewmembers, there was little evidence for significant time effects based on triphasic (U-shaped) or linear models for the 21 subscales tested, although the presence of an initial novelty effect that declined over time was found in three subscales for the astronauts. Compared with work groups on Earth, the crewmembers reported less dysphoria and perceived their crew environment as more constraining, cohesive, and guided by leadership. There was no change in ratings of mood and interpersonal environment before, during, and after the missions. Conclusions: There was little support for the presence of a moderate to strong time effect that influenced the space crews. Crewmembers perceived their work environment differently from people on Earth, and they demonstrated equanimity in mood and group perceptions, both in space and on the ground. Grant numbers: NAS9-19411. c 2001. Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
    Keywords: Aerospace Medicine
    Type: Acta astronautica (ISSN 0094-5765); Volume 49; 3-10; 243-60
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Lessons learned from Shuttle/Mir: psychosocial countermeasures (2002)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: BACKGROUND: During future long-duration space missions, countermeasures need to be developed to deal with psychosocial issues that might impact negatively on crewmember performance and well-being. METHODS: In our recently completed NASA-funded study of 5 U.S. astronauts, 8 Russian cosmonauts, and 42 U.S. and 16 Russian mission control personnel who participated in the Shuttle/Mir program, we evaluated a number of important psychosocial issues such as group tension, cohesion, leadership role, and the displacement of negative emotions from crewmembers to people in mission control and from mission control personnel to management. RESULTS: Based on our findings, which are reviewed, a number of psychosocial countermeasures are suggested to help ameliorate the negative impact of potential psychosocial problems during future manned space missions. CONCLUSIONS: Crewmembers should be selected not only to rule out psychopathology but also to select-in for group compatibility and facility in a common language. Training should include briefings and team building related to a number of psychosocial issues and should involve both crewmembers and mission control personnel. During the mission, both experts on the ground and the crewmembers themselves should be alert to potential interpersonal problems, including the displacement of negative emotions from the crew to the ground. Supportive activities should consist of both individual and interpersonal strategies, including an awareness of changing leisure time needs. Finally, attention should be given to postmission readjustment and to supporting the families on Earth.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Aviation, space, and environmental medicine (ISSN 0095-6562); Volume 73; 6; 607-11
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Asthenia--does it exist in space? (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: OBJECTIVE: First popularized as neurasthenia in the late 1800s by American George Beard, asthenia has been viewed by Russian psychologists and flight surgeons as a major problem that affects cosmonauts participating in long-duration space missions. However, there is some controversy about whether this syndrome exists in space; this controversy is attributable in part to the fact that it is not recognized in the current American psychiatric diagnostic system. METHODS: To address this issue empirically, we retrospectively examined the data from our 4 1/2-year, NASA-funded study of crew member and mission control interactions during the Shuttle/Mir space program. Three of the authors identified eight items of stage 1 asthenia from one of our measures, the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Scores on these items from 13 Russian and American crew members were compared with scores derived from the opinions of six Russian space experts. RESULTS: Crew members' scores in space were significantly lower than the experts' scores on seven of the eight items, and they generally were in the "not at all" to "a little" range of the item scales. There were no differences in mean scores before and after launch or across the four quarters of the missions. There were no differences in response between Russian and American crew members. CONCLUSIONS: We could not demonstrate the presence of asthenia in space as operationally defined using the POMS. However, the POMS addresses only emotional and not physiological aspects of the syndrome, and the subject responses in our study generally were skewed toward the positive end of the scales. Further research on this syndrome needs to be done and should include physiological measures and measures that are specific to asthenia.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Psychosomatic medicine (ISSN 0033-3174); Volume 63; 6; 874-80
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Social and cultural issues during Shuttle/Mir space missions (2000)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A number of interpersonal issues relevant to manned space missions have been identified from the literature. These include crew tension, cohesion, leadership, language and cultural factors, and displacement. Ground-based studies by others and us have clarified some of the parameters of these issues and have indicated ways in which they could be studied during actual space missions. In this paper, we summarize some of our findings related to social and cultural issues from a NASA-funded study conducted during several Shuttle/Mir space missions. We used standardized mood and group climate measures that were completed on a weekly basis by American and Russian crew and mission control subjects who participated in these missions. Our results indicated that American subjects reported more dissatisfaction with their interpersonal environment than their Russian counterparts, especially American astronauts. Mission control personnel were more dysphoric than crewmembers, but both groups were significantly less dysphoric than other work groups on Earth. Countermeasures based on our findings are discussed which can be applied to future multicultural space missions. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
    Keywords: Behavioral Sciences
    Type: Acta astronautica (ISSN 0094-5765); Volume 47; 2-9; 647-55
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Human interactions during Shuttle/Mir space missions (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: To improve the interpersonal climate of crewmembers involved with long-duration space missions, it is important to understand the factors affecting their interactions with each other and with members of mission control. This paper will present findings from a recently completed NASA-funded study during the Shuttle/Mir program which evaluated in-group/out-group displacement of negative emotions; changes in tension, cohesion, and leader support over time; and cultural differences. In-flight data were collected from 5 astronauts, 8 cosmonauts, and 42 American and 16 Russian mission control personnel who signed informed consent. Subjects completed a weekly questionnaire that assessed their mood and perception of their work group's interpersonal climate using questions from well-known, standardized measures (Profile of Mood States, Group and Work Environment Scales) and a critical incident log. There was strong evidence for the displacement of tension and dysphoric emotions from crewmembers to mission control personnel and from mission control personnel to management. There was a perceived decrease in commander support during the 2nd half of the missions, and for American crewmembers a novelty effect was found on several subscales during the first few months on-orbit. There were a number of differences between American and Russian responses which suggested that the former were less happy with their interpersonal environment than the latter. Mission control personnel reported more tension and dysphoria than crewmembers, although both groups scored better than other work groups on Earth. Nearly all reported critical incidents came from ground subjects, with Americans and Russians showing important differences in response frequencies.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Acta astronautica (ISSN 0094-5765); Volume 48; 5-12; 777-84
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    The Interplanetary Internet: a communications infrastructure for Mars exploration (2003)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A strategy is being developed whereby the current set of internationally standardized space data communications protocols can be incrementally evolved so that a first version of an operational "Interplanetary Internet" is feasible by the end of the decade. This paper describes its architectural concepts, discusses the current set of standard space data communications capabilities that exist to support Mars exploration and reviews proposed new developments. We also speculate that these current capabilities can grow to support future scenarios where human intelligence is widely distributed across the Solar System and day-to-day communications dialog between planets is routine. c2003 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Acta astronautica (ISSN 0094-5765); Volume 53; 4-10; 365-73
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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