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  • 1
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    The thermal emission of the exoplanet WASP-3b (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-05
    Beschreibung: We report the detection of thermal emission from the transiting hot Jupiter WASP-3b at 3.6, 4.5 and 8.0 μm using the Spitzer Space Telescope . We obtain planet-to-star flux ratios of $0.209^{+0.040}_{-0.028}$ , 0.282 ± 0.012 and $0.328^{+0.086}_{-0.055}\,$ per cent at these wavelengths, respectively, implying infrared brightness temperatures of $T_{3.6\,\mu {\rm m}}=2280^{+210}_{-150}\,{\rm K}$ , T 4.5 μm = 2400 ± 80 K and $T_{8.0\,\mu {\rm m}}=2210^{+390}_{-250}\,{\rm K}$ . We find that WASP-3b falls into an emerging class of highly irradiated planets whose measured temperatures suggest that the planets are dark and redistribute heat around the planet inefficiently. The latter is similarly concluded from 1D atmospheric model comparisons, which also favour the presence of an atmospheric temperature inversion. We compare the WASP-3 system to the proposed inversion–activity relation, finding that it hints at a more complex relation than a simple cut-off in activity implied by previous data. Using eclipse timings we also constrain e cos to be $-0.0006^{+0.0010}_{-0.0006}$ , suggesting that the eccentricity of WASP-3b can only be large for a narrow range of .
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Digitale ISSN: 1365-2966
    Thema: Physik
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
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    Phenomena exposure from the large scale gas injection test (Lasgit) dataset using a bespoke data analysis toolkit (2014)
    Geological Society (of London)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2014-03-07
    Beschreibung: The Large Scale Gas Injection Test (Lasgit) is a field-scale experiment designed to study the impact of gas buildup and subsequent migration through an engineered barrier system. Lasgit has a substantial experimental dataset containing in excess of 21 million datum points. The dataset is anticipated to contain a wealth of information, ranging from long-term trends and system behaviours to small-scale or ‘second-order’ features. In order to interrogate the Lasgit dataset, a bespoke computational toolkit, designed to expose difficult to observe phenomena, has been developed and applied to the dataset. The preliminary application of the toolkit, presented here, has resulted in a large number of phenomena being indicated/quantified, including highlighting of second-order events (small gas flows, perturbations in stress/pore-water sensors, etc.) and quantification of temperature record frequency content. Localized system behaviour has been shown to occur along with systematic aberrant behaviours that remain unexplained.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Digitale ISSN: 2041-4927
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Geological Society (of London)
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
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    Data analysis toolkit for long-term, large-scale experiments (2013)
    Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-01-30
    Beschreibung: A new data analysis toolkit which is suitable for the analysis of large-scale, long-term datasets and the phenomenon/anomalies they represent is described. The toolkit aims to expose and quantify scientific information in a number of forms contained within a time-series based dataset in a quantitative and rigorous manner, reducing the subjectivity of observations made, thereby supporting the scientific observer. The features contained within the toolkit include the ability to handle non-uniform datasets, time-series component determination, frequency component determination, feature/event detection and characterization/parameterization of local behaviours. An application is presented of a case study dataset arising from the ‘Lasgit’ experiment.
    Print ISSN: 0026-461X
    Digitale ISSN: 1471-8022
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
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    Observations of heterogeneous pore pressure distributions in clay-rich materials (2013)
    Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-01-30
    Beschreibung: The concept of effective stress is one of the basic tenets of rock mechanics where the stress acting on a rock can be viewed as the total stress minus the pore water pressure. In many materials, including clay-rich rocks, this relationship has been seen to be imperfect and a coefficient () is added to account for the mechanical properties of the clay matrix. Recent experimental results during the flow testing (both gas and water) of several rocks (Callovo-Oxfordian claystone, Opalinus Clay, Boom Clay) and geomaterials (bentonite, kaolinite) has given evidence for stable high pressure differentials. The design of the experiments allows multiple measurements of pore pressure, which commonly shows a complex distribution for several different experimental geometries. The observed stable high pressure differentials and heterogeneous pore pressure distribution makes the describing of stress states in terms of effective stress complex. Highly localized pore pressures can be sustained by argillaceous materials and concepts of evenly distributed pore pressures throughout the sample (i.e. conventional effective stress) do not fit many clay-rich rocks if the complexities observed on the micro-scale are not incorporated, especially when considering the case of gas flow.
    Print ISSN: 0026-461X
    Digitale ISSN: 1471-8022
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
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    The role of stress history on the flow of fluids through fractures (2013)
    Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
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    Publikationsdatum: 2013-01-30
    Beschreibung: Understanding flow along fractures and faults is of importance to the performance assessment (PA) of a geological disposal facility (GDF) for radioactive waste. Flow can occur along pre-existing fractures in the host-rock or along fractures created during the construction of the GDF within the excavation damage zone (EDZ). The complex fracture network will have a range of orientations and will exist within a complex stress regime. Critical stress theory suggests that fractures close to localized shear failure are critically stressed and therefore most conductive to fluid flow. Analysis of fault geometry and stress conditions at Sellafield has revealed that no features were found to be, or even close to being, classified as critically stressed, despite some being conductive. In order to understand the underlying reasons why non-critically stressed fractures were conductive a series of laboratory experiments were performed. A bespoke angled shear rig (ASR) was built in order to study the relationship between fluid flow (water and gas) through a fracture surface as a function of normal load. Fluid flow reduced with an increase in normal load, as expected. During unloading considerable hysteresis was seen in flow and shear stress. Fracture flow was only partially recovered for water injection, whereas gas flow increased remarkably during unloading. The ratio of shear stress to normal stress seems to control the fluid flow properties during the unloading stage of the experiment demonstrating its significance in fracture flow. The exhumation of the Sellafield area during the Palaeogene–Neogene resulted in considerable stress relaxation and in fractures becoming non-critically stressed. The hysteresis in shear stress during uplift has resulted in faults remaining, or becoming, conductive. The field and laboratory observations illustrate that understanding the stress-history of a fractured rock mass is essential, and a mere understanding of the current stress regime is insufficient to estimate the flow characteristics of present-day fractures.
    Print ISSN: 0026-461X
    Digitale ISSN: 1471-8022
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Publiziert von Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
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    A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety [Social Sciences] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publikationsdatum: 2011-02-16
    Beschreibung: Policy-makers are considering large-scale programs aimed at self-control to improve citizens’ health and wealth and reduce crime. Experimental and economic studies suggest such programs could reap benefits. Yet, is self-control important for the health, wealth, and public safety of the population? Following a cohort of 1,000 children from birth to the age of 32 y, we show that childhood self-control predicts physical health, substance dependence, personal finances, and criminal offending outcomes, following a gradient of self-control. Effects of children's self-control could be disentangled from their intelligence and social class as well as from mistakes they made as adolescents. In another cohort of 500 sibling-pairs, the sibling with lower self-control had poorer outcomes, despite shared family background. Interventions addressing self-control might reduce a panoply of societal costs, save taxpayers money, and promote prosperity.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences
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  • 7
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    Iron-clad fibers: a metal-based biological strategy for hard flexible coatings (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2010-03-06
    Beschreibung: The extensible byssal threads of marine mussels are shielded from abrasion in wave-swept habitats by an outer cuticle that is largely proteinaceous and approximately fivefold harder than the thread core. Threads from several species exhibit granular cuticles containing a protein that is rich in the catecholic amino acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) as well as inorganic ions, notably Fe3+. Granular cuticles exhibit a remarkable combination of high hardness and high extensibility. We explored byssus cuticle chemistry by means of in situ resonance Raman spectroscopy and demonstrated that the cuticle is a polymeric scaffold stabilized by catecholato-iron chelate complexes having an unusual clustered distribution. Consistent with byssal cuticle chemistry and mechanics, we present a model in which dense cross-linking in the granules provides hardness, whereas the less cross-linked matrix provides extensibility.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3087814/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3087814/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harrington, Matthew J -- Masic, Admir -- Holten-Andersen, Niels -- Waite, J Herbert -- Fratzl, Peter -- R01 DE015415/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- R01 DE015415-04/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- R01 DE018468/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- R01 DE018468-01A1/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- R01 DE018468-02/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- R01 DE018468-03/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- R01 DE018468-04/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- R01DE018468/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 9;328(5975):216-20. doi: 10.1126/science.1181044. Epub 2010 Mar 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam 14424, Germany. Matt.Harrington@mpikg.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20203014" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Schlagwort(e): Animal Structures/chemistry ; Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Dihydroxyphenylalanine/*chemistry ; Ferric Compounds/*chemistry ; Hardness ; Iron/chemistry ; Models, Biological ; Mytilus/*chemistry/physiology ; Physicochemical Processes ; Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    A high C/O ratio and weak thermal inversion in the atmosphere of exoplanet WASP-12b (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2010-12-15
    Beschreibung: The carbon-to-oxygen ratio (C/O) in a planet provides critical information about its primordial origins and subsequent evolution. A primordial C/O greater than 0.8 causes a carbide-dominated interior, as opposed to the silicate-dominated composition found on Earth; the atmosphere can also differ from those in the Solar System. The solar C/O is 0.54 (ref. 3). Here we report an analysis of dayside multi-wavelength photometry of the transiting hot-Jupiter WASP-12b (ref. 6) that reveals C/O 〉/= 1 in its atmosphere. The atmosphere is abundant in CO. It is depleted in water vapour and enhanced in methane, each by more than two orders of magnitude compared to a solar-abundance chemical-equilibrium model at the expected temperatures. We also find that the extremely irradiated atmosphere (T 〉 2,500 K) of WASP-12b lacks a prominent thermal inversion (or stratosphere) and has very efficient day-night energy circulation. The absence of a strong thermal inversion is in stark contrast to theoretical predictions for the most highly irradiated hot-Jupiter atmospheres.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Madhusudhan, Nikku -- Harrington, Joseph -- Stevenson, Kevin B -- Nymeyer, Sarah -- Campo, Christopher J -- Wheatley, Peter J -- Deming, Drake -- Blecic, Jasmina -- Hardy, Ryan A -- Lust, Nate B -- Anderson, David R -- Collier-Cameron, Andrew -- Britt, Christopher B T -- Bowman, William C -- Hebb, Leslie -- Hellier, Coel -- Maxted, Pierre F L -- Pollacco, Don -- West, Richard G -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jan 6;469(7328):64-7. doi: 10.1038/nature09602. Epub 2010 Dec 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. nmadhu@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21150901" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 9
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    Possible thermochemical disequilibrium in the atmosphere of the exoplanet GJ 436b (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publikationsdatum: 2010-04-24
    Beschreibung: The nearby extrasolar planet GJ 436b-which has been labelled as a 'hot Neptune'-reveals itself by the dimming of light as it crosses in front of and behind its parent star as seen from Earth. Respectively known as the primary transit and secondary eclipse, the former constrains the planet's radius and mass, and the latter constrains the planet's temperature and, with measurements at multiple wavelengths, its atmospheric composition. Previous work using transmission spectroscopy failed to detect the 1.4-mum water vapour band, leaving the planet's atmospheric composition poorly constrained. Here we report the detection of planetary thermal emission from the dayside of GJ 436b at multiple infrared wavelengths during the secondary eclipse. The best-fit compositional models contain a high CO abundance and a substantial methane (CH(4)) deficiency relative to thermochemical equilibrium models for the predicted hydrogen-dominated atmosphere. Moreover, we report the presence of some H(2)O and traces of CO(2). Because CH(4) is expected to be the dominant carbon-bearing species, disequilibrium processes such as vertical mixing and polymerization of methane into substances such as ethylene may be required to explain the hot Neptune's small CH(4)-to-CO ratio, which is at least 10(5) times smaller than predicted.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stevenson, Kevin B -- Harrington, Joseph -- Nymeyer, Sarah -- Madhusudhan, Nikku -- Seager, Sara -- Bowman, William C -- Hardy, Ryan A -- Deming, Drake -- Rauscher, Emily -- Lust, Nate B -- England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 22;464(7292):1161-4. doi: 10.1038/nature09013.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Planetary Sciences Group, Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA. kevin218@knights.ucf.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20414304" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Digitale ISSN: 1476-4687
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Publiziert von Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 10
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    Growth phenology of coast Douglas-fir seed sources planted in diverse environments (2012)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2012-12-15
    Beschreibung: The timing of periodic life cycle events in plants (phenology) is an important factor determining how species and populations will react to climate change. We evaluated annual patterns of basal-area and height growth of coast Douglas-fir ( Pseudotusga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings from four seed sources that were planted in four diverse environments as part of the Douglas-fir Seed-Source Movement Trial. Stem diameters and heights were measured periodically during the 2010 growing season on 16 open-pollinated families at each study installation. Stem diameters were measured on a subset of trees with electronic dendrometers during the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons. Trees from the four seed sources differed in phenology metrics that described the timing of basal-area and height-growth initiation, growth cessation and growth rates. Differences in the height-growth metrics were generally larger than differences in the basal-area growth metrics and differences among installations were larger than differences among seed sources, highlighting the importance of environmental signals on growth phenology. Variations in the height- and basal-area growth metrics were correlated with different aspects of the seed-source environments: precipitation in the case of height growth and minimum temperature in the case of basal-area growth. The detailed dendrometer measurements revealed differences in growth patterns between seed sources during distinct periods in the growing season. Our results indicate that multiple aspects of growth phenology should be considered along with other traits when evaluating adaptation of populations to future climates.
    Print ISSN: 0829-318X
    Digitale ISSN: 1758-4469
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Publiziert von Oxford University Press
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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