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Sequestration and subduction of deep-sea carbonate in the global ocean since the Early Cretaceous (2018)

Dutkiewicz A, Müller R, Cannon J, et al.

Geological Society of America (GSA)

In: Geology

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Publication Date: 2018

Description: 〈span〉〈div〉Abstract〈/div〉Deep-sea carbonate represents Earth’s largest carbon sink and one of the least-known components of the long-term carbon cycle that is intimately linked to climate. By coupling the deep-sea carbonate sedimentation history to a global tectonic model, we quantify this component within the framework of a continuously evolving seafloor. A long-term increase in marine carbonate carbon flux since the mid-Cretaceous is dominated by a post-50 Ma doubling of carbonate accumulation to ∼310 Mt C/yr at present-day. This increase was caused largely by the immense growth in deep-sea carbonate carbon storage, post-dating the end of the Early Eocene Climate Optimum. We suggest that a combination of a retreat of epicontinental seas, underpinned by long-term deepening of the seafloor, the inception of major Himalayan river systems, and the weathering of the Deccan Traps drove enhanced delivery of Ca〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 and HCO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉〈sup〉–〈/sup〉 into the oceans and atmospheric CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 drawdown in the 15 m.y. prior to the onset of glaciation at ca. 35 Ma. Relatively stagnant mid-ocean ridge, rift- and subduction-related degassing during this period support our contention that continental silicate weathering, rather than a major decrease in CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 degassing, may have triggered an increase in marine carbonate accumulation and long-term Eocene global cooling. Our results provide new constraints for global carbon cycle models, and may improve our understanding of carbonate subduction-related metamorphism, mineralization and isotopic signatures of degassing.〈/span〉

Print ISSN: 0091-7613

Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682

Topics: Geosciences

Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)

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Sequestration and subduction of deep-sea carbonate in the global ocean since the Early Cretaceous (2018)

Dutkiewicz A, Müller R, Cannon J, et al.

Geological Society of America (GSA)

In: Geology

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Details

Publication Date: 2018

Description: 〈span〉Deep-sea carbonate represents Earth’s largest carbon sink and one of the least-known components of the long-term carbon cycle that is intimately linked to climate. By coupling the deep-sea carbonate sedimentation history to a global tectonic model, we quantify this component within the framework of a continuously evolving seafloor. A long-term increase in marine carbonate carbon flux since the mid-Cretaceous is dominated by a post-50 Ma doubling of carbonate accumulation to ~310 Mt C/yr at present-day. This increase was caused largely by the immense growth in deep-sea carbonate carbon storage, post-dating the end of the Early Eocene Climate Optimum. We suggest that a combination of a retreat of epicontinental seas, underpinned by long-term deepening of the seafloor, the inception of major Himalayan river systems, and the weathering of the Deccan Traps drove enhanced delivery of Ca〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 and HCO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉〈sup〉–〈/sup〉 into the oceans and atmospheric CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 drawdown in the 15 m.y. prior to the onset of glaciation at ca. 35 Ma. Relatively stagnant mid-ocean ridge, rift- and subduction-related degassing during this period support our contention that continental silicate weathering, rather than a major decrease in CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 degassing, may have triggered an increase in marine carbonate accumulation and long-term Eocene global cooling. Our results provide new constraints for global carbon cycle models, and may improve our understanding of carbonate subduction-related metamorphism, mineralization and isotopic signatures of degassing.〈/span〉

Print ISSN: 0091-7613

Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682

Topics: Geosciences

Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)

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A new fungal large subunit ribosomal RNA primer for high-throughput sequencing surveys (2016)

Mueller, R. C., Gallegos-Graves, L. V., Kuske, C. R.

Oxford University Press

In: FEMS Microbiology Ecology

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Publication Date: 2016-01-31

Description: The inclusion of phylogenetic metrics in community ecology has provided insights into important ecological processes, particularly when combined with high-throughput sequencing methods; however, these approaches have not been widely used in studies of fungal communities relative to other microbial groups. Two obstacles have been considered: (1) the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region has limited utility for constructing phylogenies and (2) most PCR primers that target the large subunit (LSU) ribosomal unit generate amplicons that exceed current limits of high-throughput sequencing platforms. We designed and tested a PCR primer (LR22R) to target approximately 300–400 bp region of the D2 hypervariable region of the fungal LSU for use with the Illumina MiSeq platform. Both in silico and empirical analyses showed that the LR22R–LR3 pair captured a broad range of fungal taxonomic groups with a small fraction of non-fungal groups. Phylogenetic placement of publically available LSU D2 sequences showed broad agreement with taxonomic classification. Comparisons of the LSU D2 and the ITS2 ribosomal regions from environmental samples and known communities showed similar discriminatory abilities of the two primer sets. Together, these findings show that the LR22R–LR3 primer pair has utility for phylogenetic analyses of fungal communities using high-throughput sequencing methods.

Print ISSN: 0168-6496

Electronic ISSN: 1574-6941

Topics: Biology

Published by Oxford University Press

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Two N-terminally truncated variants of human {beta}-galactoside {alpha}2,6 sialyltransferase I with distinct properties for in vitro protein glycosylation (2016)

Luley-Goedl, C., Schmoelzer, K., Thomann, M., Malik, S., Greif, M., Ribitsch, D., Jung, C., Sobek, H., Engel, A., Mueller, R., Schwab, H., Nidetzky, B.

Oxford University Press

In: Glycobiology

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Publication Date: 2016-10-20

Description: Sialic acid groups of protein N -glycans are important determinants of biological activity. Exposed at the end of the glycan chain, they are potential targets for glycan remodeling. Sialyltransferases (STs; EC 2.4.99) are the enzymes that catalyze the sialic acid transfer from a CMP-activated donor on to a carbohydrate acceptor in vivo. Recombinant expression of the full-length human β-galactoside α2,6 sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal-I) was hampered and therefore variants with truncated N-termini were investigated. We report on the distinct properties of two N-terminally truncated versions of ST6Gal-I, namely 89ST6Gal-I and 108ST6Gal-I, which were successfully expressed in human embryonic kidney cells. The different properties of these enzymes result most probably from the loss of interactions from helix α1 in the 108ST6Gal-I variant, which plays a role in acceptor substrate binding. The K m for N -acetyl- d -lactosamine was 10-fold increased for 108ST6Gal-I (84 mM) as compared to 89ST6Gal-I (8.3 mM). The two enzyme variants constitute a suitable tool box for the terminal modification of N -glycans. While the enzyme 89ST6Gal-I exhibited both ST (di-sialylation) and sialidase activity on a monoclonal antibody, the enzyme 108ST6Gal-I showed only ST activity with specificity for mono-sialylation.

Print ISSN: 0959-6658

Electronic ISSN: 1460-2423

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Published by Oxford University Press

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