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  • 1
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    Response to Comment on "Observation of alkaline earth complexes M(CO)8 (M = Ca, Sr, or Ba) that mimic transition metals" (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Landis 〈i〉et al〈/i〉. claim in their comment that Ca does not bind like a transition metal in Ca(CO)〈sub〉8〈/sub〉. We reject their statement, which is based on a misconception of bonding models and misleading application and interpretation of quantum chemical methods for analyzing chemical bonds.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Exceptional oxygen evolution reactivities on CaCoO3 and SrCoO3 (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉We investigated the roles of covalent bonding, separation of surface oxygen, and electrolyte pH on the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on transition metal oxides by comparing catalytic onset potentials and activities of CaCoO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 and SrCoO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉. Both cubic, metallic perovskites have similar Co〈sup〉IV〈/sup〉 intermediate spin states and onset potentials, but a substantially smaller lattice parameter and shorter surface oxygen separation make CaCoO〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 a more stable catalyst with increased OER activity. The onset potentials are similar, occurring where H〈sup〉+〈/sup〉 is removed from surface -OH〈sup〉–〈/sup〉, but two competing surface reactions determine the catalytic activity. In one, the surface -O〈sup〉–〈/sup〉 is attacked by electrolyte OH〈sup〉–〈/sup〉 to form the surface -OOH〈sup〉–〈/sup〉; in the other, two -O〈sup〉–〈/sup〉 form a surface peroxide ion and an oxygen vacancy with electrolyte OH〈sup〉–〈/sup〉 attacking the oxygen vacancy. The second pathway can be faster if the surface oxygen separation is smaller.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Bcl11b prevents fatal autoimmunity by promoting Treg cell program and constraining innate lineages in Treg cells (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Regulatory T (T〈sub〉reg〈/sub〉) cells are essential for peripheral tolerance and rely on the transcription factor (TF) Foxp3 for their generation and function. Several other TFs are critical for the T〈sub〉reg〈/sub〉 cell program. We found that mice deficient in Bcl11b TF solely in T〈sub〉reg〈/sub〉 cells developed fatal autoimmunity, and Bcl11b-deficient T〈sub〉reg〈/sub〉 cells had severely altered function. Bcl11b KO T〈sub〉reg〈/sub〉 cells showed decreased functional marker levels in homeostatic conditions, inflammation, and tumors. Bcl11b controlled expression of essential T〈sub〉reg〈/sub〉 program genes at steady state and in inflammation. Bcl11b bound to genomic regulatory regions of T〈sub〉reg〈/sub〉 program genes in both human and mouse T〈sub〉reg〈/sub〉 cells, overlapping with Foxp3 binding; these genes showed altered chromatin accessibility in the absence of Bcl11b. Additionally, Bcl11b restrained myeloid and NK cell programs in T〈sub〉reg〈/sub〉 cells. Our study provides new mechanistic insights on the T〈sub〉reg〈/sub〉 cell program and identity control, with major implications for therapies in autoimmunity and cancer.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    PPM1A silences cytosolic RNA sensing and antiviral defense through direct dephosphorylation of MAVS and TBK1 (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-03
    Description: Cytosolic RNA sensing is a prerequisite for initiation of innate immune response against RNA viral pathogens. Signaling through RIG-I (retinoic acid–inducible gene I)–like receptors (RLRs) to TBK1 (Tank-binding kinase 1)/IKK (IB kinase ) kinases is transduced by mitochondria-associated MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein). However, the precise mechanism of how MAVS-mediated TBK1/IKK activation is strictly controlled still remains obscure. We reported that protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1A (PPM1A; also known as PP2Cα), depending on its catalytic ability, dampened the RLR-IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3) axis to silence cytosolic RNA sensing signaling. We demonstrated that PPM1A was an inherent partner of the TBK1/IKK complex, targeted both MAVS and TBK1/IKK for dephosphorylation, and thus disrupted MAVS-driven formation of signaling complex. Conversely, a high level of MAVS can dissociate the TBK1/PPM1A complex to override PPM1A-mediated inhibition. Loss of PPM1A through gene ablation in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and mouse primary macrophages enabled robustly enhanced antiviral responses. Consequently, Ppm1a –/– mice resisted to RNA virus attack, and transgenic zebrafish expressing PPM1A displayed profoundly increased RNA virus vulnerability. These findings identify PPM1A as the first known phosphatase of MAVS and elucidate the physiological function of PPM1A in antiviral immunity on whole animals.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Metal-organic frameworks tailor the properties of aluminum nanocrystals (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and metal nanoparticles are two classes of materials that have received considerable recent attention, each for controlling chemical reactivities, albeit in very different ways. Here, we report the growth of MOF shell layers surrounding aluminum nanocrystals (Al NCs), an Earth-abundant metal with energetic, plasmonic, and photocatalytic properties. The MOF shell growth proceeds by means of dissolution-and-growth chemistry that uses the intrinsic surface oxide of the NC to obtain the Al〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 ions accommodated into the MOF nodes. Changes in the Al NC plasmon resonance provide an intrinsic optical probe of its dissolution and growth kinetics. This same chemistry enables a highly controlled oxidation of the Al NCs, providing a precise method for reducing NC size in a shape-preserving manner. The MOF shell encapsulation of the Al NCs results in increased efficiencies for plasmon-enhanced photocatalysis, which is observed for the hydrogen-deuterium exchange and reverse water-gas shift reactions.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Phonon localization in heat conduction (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉Nondiffusive phonon thermal transport, extensively observed in nanostructures, has largely been attributed to classical size effects, ignoring the wave nature of phonons. We report localization behavior in phonon heat conduction due to multiple scattering and interference events of broadband phonons, by measuring the thermal conductivities of GaAs/AlAs superlattices with ErAs nanodots randomly distributed at the interfaces. With an increasing number of superlattice periods, the measured thermal conductivities near room temperature increased and eventually saturated, indicating a transition from ballistic to diffusive transport. In contrast, at cryogenic temperatures the thermal conductivities first increased but then decreased, signaling phonon wave localization, as supported by atomistic Greenss function simulations. The discovery of phonon localization suggests a new path forward for engineering phonon thermal transport.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Li substituent tuning of LED phosphors with enhanced efficiency, tunable photoluminescence, and improved thermal stability (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Solid-state phosphor-converted white light-emitting diodes (pc-WLEDs) are currently revolutionizing the lighting industry. To advance the technology, phosphors with high efficiency, tunable photoluminescence, and high thermal stability are required. Here, we demonstrate that a simple lithium incorporation in NaAlSiO〈sub〉4〈/sub〉:Eu system enables the simultaneous fulfillment of the three criteria. The Li substitution at Al sites beside Na sites in NaAlSiO〈sub〉4〈/sub〉:Eu leads to an enhanced emission intensity/efficiency owing to an effective Eu〈sup〉3+〈/sup〉 to Eu〈sup〉2+〈/sup〉 reduction, an emission color tuning from yellow to green by tuning the occupation of different Eu sites, and an improvement of luminescence thermal stability as a result of the interplay with Li-related defects. A pc-WLED using the Li-codoped NaAlSiO〈sub〉4〈/sub〉:Eu as a green component exhibits improved performance. The phosphors with multiple activator sites can facilitate the positive synergistic effect on luminescence properties.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    An enzymatic approach reverses nicotine dependence, decreases compulsive-like intake, and prevents relapse (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉Tobacco use disorder is the leading cause of disease and preventable death worldwide, but current medications that are based on pharmacodynamics have low efficacy. Novel pharmacokinetic approaches to prevent nicotine from reaching the brain have been tested using vaccines, but these efforts have failed because antibody affinity and concentration are not sufficient to completely prevent nicotine from reaching the brain. We provide preclinical evidence of the efficacy of an enzymatic approach to reverse nicotine dependence, reduce compulsive-like nicotine intake, and prevent relapse in rats with a history of nicotine dependence. Chronic administration of NicA2-J1, an engineered nicotine-degrading enzyme that was originally isolated from 〈i〉Pseudomonas putida〈/i〉 S16, completely prevented nicotine from reaching the brain and reversed somatic signs of withdrawal, hyperalgesia, and irritability-like behavior in nicotine-dependent rats with a history of escalation of nicotine self-administration. NicA2-J1 also decreased compulsive-like nicotine intake, reflected by responding despite the adverse consequences of contingent footshocks, and prevented nicotine- and stress (yohimbine)–induced relapse. These results demonstrate the efficacy of enzymatic therapy in treating nicotine addiction in advanced animal models and provide a strong foundation for the development of biological therapies for smoking cessation in humans.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 9
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    An enzymatic approach reverses nicotine dependence, decreases compulsive-like intake, and prevents relapse (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-18
    Description: Tobacco use disorder is the leading cause of disease and preventable death worldwide, but current medications that are based on pharmacodynamics have low efficacy. Novel pharmacokinetic approaches to prevent nicotine from reaching the brain have been tested using vaccines, but these efforts have failed because antibody affinity and concentration are not sufficient to completely prevent nicotine from reaching the brain. We provide preclinical evidence of the efficacy of an enzymatic approach to reverse nicotine dependence, reduce compulsive-like nicotine intake, and prevent relapse in rats with a history of nicotine dependence. Chronic administration of NicA2-J1, an engineered nicotine-degrading enzyme that was originally isolated from Pseudomonas putida S16, completely prevented nicotine from reaching the brain and reversed somatic signs of withdrawal, hyperalgesia, and irritability-like behavior in nicotine-dependent rats with a history of escalation of nicotine self-administration. NicA2-J1 also decreased compulsive-like nicotine intake, reflected by responding despite the adverse consequences of contingent footshocks, and prevented nicotine- and stress (yohimbine)–induced relapse. These results demonstrate the efficacy of enzymatic therapy in treating nicotine addiction in advanced animal models and provide a strong foundation for the development of biological therapies for smoking cessation in humans.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Stretchable ultrasonic transducer arrays for three-dimensional imaging on complex surfaces (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-24
    Description: Ultrasonic imaging has been implemented as a powerful tool for noninvasive subsurface inspections of both structural and biological media. Current ultrasound probes are rigid and bulky and cannot readily image through nonplanar three-dimensional (3D) surfaces. However, imaging through these complicated surfaces is vital because stress concentrations at geometrical discontinuities render these surfaces highly prone to defects. This study reports a stretchable ultrasound probe that can conform to and detect nonplanar complex surfaces. The probe consists of a 10 x 10 array of piezoelectric transducers that exploit an "island-bridge" layout with multilayer electrodes, encapsulated by thin and compliant silicone elastomers. The stretchable probe shows excellent electromechanical coupling, minimal cross-talk, and more than 50% stretchability. Its performance is demonstrated by reconstructing defects in 3D space with high spatial resolution through flat, concave, and convex surfaces. The results hold great implications for applications of ultrasound that require imaging through complex surfaces.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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