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  • 1
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    Using R in hydrology: a review of recent developments and future directions (2019)
    In:  Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-03
    Description: The open-source programming language R has gained a central place in the hydrological sciences over the last decade, driven by the availability of diverse hydro-meteorological data archives and the development of open-source computational tools. The growth of R's usage in hydrology is reflected in the number of newly published hydrological packages, the strengthening of online user communities, and the popularity of training courses and events. In this paper, we explore the benefits and advantages of R's usage in hydrology, such as the democratization of data science and numerical literacy, the enhancement of reproducible research and open science, the access to statistical tools, the ease of connecting R to and from other languages, and the support provided by a growing community. This paper provides an overview of a typical hydrological workflow based on reproducible principles and packages for retrieval of hydro-meteorological data, spatial analysis, hydrological modelling, statistics, and the design of static and dynamic visualizations and documents. We discuss some of the challenges that arise when using R in hydrology and useful tools to overcome them, including the use of hydrological libraries, documentation, and vignettes (long-form guides that illustrate how to use packages); the role of integrated development environments (IDEs); and the challenges of big data and parallel computing in hydrology. Lastly, this paper provides a roadmap for R's future within hydrology, with R packages as a driver of progress in the hydrological sciences, application programming interfaces (APIs) providing new avenues for data acquisition and provision, enhanced teaching of hydrology in R, and the continued growth of the community via short courses and events.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE ACTION OF ACETIC ANHYDRIDE ON SOME BENZYLIDENE ANTHRANILIC ACIDS. III. (1914)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 36 (1914), S. 603-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja02180a016
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Infra-Red Photography of Coal (1935)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 135 (1935), S. 623-623 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN a letter in NATURE of February 2 (p. 265) Prof. J. Walton has remarked that infra-red photography of thin sections of coal should give interesting results. We would like to direct attention to some results of work on this subject. We should mention first that there are already some ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/135623b0
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  • 4
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    Caenorhabditis elegans centriolar protein SAS-6 forms a spiral that is consistent with imparting a ninefold symmetry (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-24
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 5
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    CCT chaperonin complex is required for efficient delivery of anthrax toxin into the cytosol of host cells (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-05-28
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 6
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    CCT mediates cytosolic delivery of anthrax toxin [Microbiology] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-12
    Description: Bacterial toxins have evolved successful strategies for coopting host proteins to access the cytosol of host cells. Anthrax lethal factor (LF) enters the cytosol through pores in the endosomal membrane formed by anthrax protective antigen. Although in vitro models using planar lipid bilayers have shown that translocation can occur in...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 7
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    Electrochemical spectral induced polarization modeling of artificial sulfide-sand mixtures (2014)
    Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-09
    Description: We examined the sensitivity of the electrochemical spectral induced polarization (SIP) model developed by Wong to the oxidation extent of pyrite and pyrrhotite minerals disseminated in silica sand. The sensitivity of this model to the oxidation of sulfide minerals was mainly related to the model parameters defining the ratio of the active to the inactive passive ions $$({c}_{2}/{c}_{o})$$ dissolved in the pore water, and the variation of the current reaction parameters $$\alpha $$ and $$\beta $$ . The increase in these parameters as well as in the associated exchange current densities, $${i}_{o}(\alpha )$$ and $${i}_{o}(\beta )$$ was consistent with an increase in the activation of the charge transfer at the metal-electrolyte interface, resulting in the decrease in polarization of such an interface, which was reflected by a decrease in the SIP phase response as previously argued by Wong. Under this premise, the model described fairly well measurements below 500 Hz from a laboratory experiment, being consistent with the depletion of the SIP phase response associated with the oxidation degree promoted on the disseminate sulfides analyzed here. This suggested that electrochemical modeling of SIP measurements can provide information to assess the oxidation state of sulfides and also to infer the formation of passivating layers coating the metal minerals during oxidation-dissolution processes. Our results suggested a possible alternative for the monitoring of mine waste deposits producing acid mine drainage and the stability of sequestered harmful metals during remedial treatments by means of the SIP method.
    Print ISSN: 0016-8033
    Electronic ISSN: 1942-2156
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG)
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  • 8
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    Electrical resistivity imaging for long-term autonomous monitoring of hydrocarbon degradation: Lessons from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (2015)
    Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-21
    Description: Conceptual models for the geophysical responses associated with hydrocarbon degradation suggest that the long-term evolution of an oil plume will result in a more conductive anomaly than the initial contamination. In response to the Deepwater Horizon (DH) oil spill into the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, an autonomous resistivity monitoring system was deployed on Grand Terre, Louisiana, in an attempt to monitor natural degradation processes in hydrocarbon-impacted beach sediments of this island. A 48-electrode surface array with a 0.5-m spacing was installed to obtain twice-daily images of the resistivity structure of the shallow subsurface impacted by oil. Over the course of approximately 18 months, we observed a progressive decrease in the resistivity of the DH spill-impacted region. Detailed analysis of pixel/point resistivity variation within the imaged area showed that long-term decreases in resistivity were largely associated with the DH-impacted sediments. A microbial diversity survey revealed the presence of hydrocarbon-degrading organisms throughout the test site. However, hydrocarbon degradation activity was much higher in the DH-impacted locations compared to nonimpacted locations, suggesting the presence of active hydrocarbon degraders, supporting biodegradation processes. The results of this long-term monitoring experiment suggested that resistivity might be used to noninvasively monitor the long-term degradation of crude oil spills.
    Print ISSN: 0016-8033
    Electronic ISSN: 1942-2156
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG)
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  • 9
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    Extending accurate spectral induced polarization measurements into the kHz range: modelling and removal of errors from interactions between the parasitic capacitive coupling and the sample holder (2019)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈span〉〈div〉SUMMARY〈/div〉Spectral induced polarization (SIP), describing the measurement of the frequency domain electrical impedance magnitude and phase of porous materials, has been widely used to characterize subsurface hydrological/biogeochemical properties and processes. SIP data collected at frequencies higher than 100 Hz are expected to describe the polarization of small particles providing insights into the physicochemical properties of clays, nanoparticles and microorganisms. However, the phase measurements at these high frequencies are often contaminated by errors due to the parasitic capacitive coupling of the SIP instrument, especially for lower conductivity samples. We developed a model showing the measured phase is the sum of the true sample phase and an error term 〈span〉ωC〈/span〉〈sub〉in〈/sub〉〈span〉Z〈/span〉〈sub〉x〈/sub〉, where 〈span〉ω〈/span〉 is the angular frequency; 〈span〉C〈/span〉〈sub〉in〈/sub〉 is the instrument input capacitance and 〈span〉Z〈/span〉〈sub〉x〈/sub〉 is a measurable impedance function related to the sample holder properties and the reference resistor. Based on this model, a new phase correction method is proposed that results in highly accurate SIP data up to 20 kHz as well as the determination of 〈span〉C〈/span〉〈sub〉in〈/sub〉. We tested the correction method using electric circuits, NaCl fluids and three unconsolidated samples (sand, sand-clay and sand-pyrite mixtures). The corrected phase for the circuit and NaCl fluid experiments showed excellent agreement with the theoretical phase response across the studied frequency range (errors 〈1 mrad). For unconsolidated samples, removal of errors results in phase spectra more consistent with expected polarization mechanisms, as based on phase peaks recorded for small pyrite and clay particles at high frequencies. These phase peaks could not be identified in the uncorrected data. Our approach can substantially enhance the value of the SIP method for the characterization of fine-grained sediments and rocks.〈/span〉
    Print ISSN: 2051-1965
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 10
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    Extending Accurate Spectral Induced Polarization Measurements into the kHz Range: Modeling and Removal of Errors from Interactions between the Parasitic Capacitive Coupling and the Sample Holder (2019)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈span〉〈div〉Summary〈/div〉Spectral induced polarization (SIP), describing the measurement of the frequency domain electrical impedance magnitude and phase of porous materials, has been widely used to characterize subsurface hydrological/biogeochemical properties and processes. SIP data collected at frequencies higher than 100 Hz are expected to describe the polarization of small particles providing insights into the physicochemical properties of clays, nanoparticles and microorganisms. However, the phase measurements at these high frequencies are often contaminated by errors due to the parasitic capacitive coupling of the SIP instrument, especially for lower conductivity samples. We developed a model showing the measured phase is the sum of the true sample phase and an error term 〈span〉ωC〈/span〉〈sub〉in〈/sub〉〈span〉Z〈/span〉〈sub〉x〈/sub〉, where 〈span〉ω〈/span〉 is the angular frequency; 〈span〉C〈/span〉〈sub〉in〈/sub〉 is the instrument input capacitance and 〈span〉Z〈/span〉〈sub〉x〈/sub〉 is a measurable impedance function related to the sample holder properties and reference resistor. Based on this model, a new phase correction method is proposed that results in highly accurate SIP data up to 20 kHz as well as the determination of 〈span〉C〈/span〉〈sub〉in〈/sub〉. We tested the correction method using electric circuits, NaCl fluids and three unconsolidated samples (sand, sand-clay and sand-pyrite mixtures). The corrected phase for the circuit and NaCl fluid experiments showed excellent agreement with the theoretical phase response across the studied frequency range (errors 〈 1 mrad). For unconsolidated samples, removal of errors results in phase spectra more consistent with expected polarization mechanisms, as based on phase peaks recorded for small pyrite and clay particles at high frequencies. These phase peaks could not be identified in the uncorrected data. Our approach can substantially enhance the value of the SIP method for the characterization of fine-grained sediments and rocks.〈/span〉
    Print ISSN: 2051-1965
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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