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  • 2015-2019  (195)
  • 2000-2004  (69)
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  • 1
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    Field induced domain switching as the origin of anomalous lattice strain along non-polar direction in rhombohedral BiScO3-PbTiO3 close to the morphotropic phase boundary (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-04
    Description: The lattice strain and domain switching behavior of x BiScO 3 –(1- x )PbTiO 3 ( x  = 0.40) was investigated as a function of cyclic field and grain orientation by in situ X-ray diffraction during application of electric fields. The electric field induced 200 lattice strain was measured to be five times larger than the 111 lattice strain in pseudorhombohedral x BiScO 3 –(1- x )PbTiO 3 ( x  = 0.40). It is shown that the anomalous 200 lattice strain is not an intrinsic phenomenon, but arises primarily due to stress associated with the reorientation of the 111 domains in dense polycrystalline ceramic.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 2
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    Constraint of the Astrophysical ^{26g}Al(p,γ)^{27}Si Destruction Rate at Stellar Temperatures (2015)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-30
    Description: Author(s): S. D. Pain, D. W. Bardayan, J. C. Blackmon, S. M. Brown, K. Y. Chae, K. A. Chipps, J. A. Cizewski, K. L. Jones, R. L. Kozub, J. F. Liang, C. Matei, M. Matos, B. H. Moazen, C. D. Nesaraja, J. Okołowicz, P. D. O’Malley, W. A. Peters, S. T. Pittman, M. Płoszajczak, K. T. Schmitt, J. F. Shriner, Jr., D. Shapira, M. S. Smith, D. W. Stracener, and G. L. Wilson The Galactic 1.809-MeV γ -ray signature from the β decay of Al 26 g is a dominant target of γ -ray astronomy, of which a significant component is understood to originate from massive stars. The Al 26 g ( p , γ ) Si 27 reaction is a major destruction pathway for Al 26 g at stellar temperatures, but the reaction rat... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 212501] Published Thu May 28, 2015
    Keywords: Nuclear Physics
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 3
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    Domain wall and interphase boundary motion in (1−x)Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3–xPbTiO3 near the morphotropic phase boundary (2016)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-28
    Description: Electric field-induced changes in the domain wall motion of (1−x)Bi(Mg 0.5 Ti 0.5 )O 3 –xPbTiO 3 (BMT-xPT) near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) where x = 0.37 (BMT-37PT) and x = 0.38 (BMT-38PT), are studied by means of synchrotron x-ray diffraction. Through Rietveld analysis and profile fitting, a mixture of coexisting monoclinic ( Cm ) and tetragonal ( P 4 mm ) phases is identified at room temperature. Extrinsic contributions to the property coefficients are evident from electric-field-induced domain wall motion in both the tetragonal and monoclinic phases, as well as through the interphase boundary motion between the two phases. Domain wall motion in the tetragonal and monoclinic phases for BMT-37PT is larger than that of BMT-38PT, possibly due to this composition's closer proximity to the MPB. Increased interphase boundary motion was also observed in BMT-37PT. Lattice strain, which is a function of both intrinsic piezoelectric strain and elastic interactions of the grains (the latter originating from domain wall and interphase boundary motion), is similar for the respective tetragonal and monoclinic phases.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8979
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7550
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 4
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    Effect of top electrode material on radiation-induced degradation of ferroelectric thin film structures (2016)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-12
    Description: The effects of gamma irradiation on the dielectric and piezoelectric responses of Pb[Zr 0.52 Ti 0.48 ]O 3 (PZT) thin film stacks were investigated for structures with conductive oxide (IrO 2 ) and metallic (Pt) top electrodes. The samples showed, generally, degradation of various key dielectric, ferroelectric, and electromechanical responses when exposed to 2.5 Mrad (Si) 60 Co gamma radiation. However, the low-field, relative dielectric permittivity, ε r , remained largely unaffected by irradiation in samples with both types of electrodes. Samples with Pt top electrodes showed substantial degradation of the remanent polarization and overall piezoelectric response, as well as pinching of the polarization hysteresis curves and creation of multiple peaks in the permittivity-electric field curves post irradiation. The samples with oxide electrodes, however, were largely impervious to the same radiation dose, with less than 5% change in any of the functional characteristics. The results suggest a radiation-induced change in the defect population or defect energy in PZT with metallic top electrodes, which substantially affects motion of internal interfaces such as domain walls. Additionally, the differences observed for stacks with different electrode materials implicate the ferroelectric–electrode interface as either the predominant source of radiation-induced effects (Pt electrodes) or the site of healing for radiation-induced defects (IrO 2 electrodes).
    Print ISSN: 0021-8979
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7550
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 5
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    Extrinsic response enhancement at the polymorphic phase boundary in piezoelectric materials (2016)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-05
    Description: Polymorphic phase boundaries (PPBs) in piezoelectric materials have attracted significant interest in recent years, in particular, because of the unique properties that can be found in their vicinity. However, to fully harness their potential as micro-nanoscale functional entities, it is essential to achieve reliable and precise control of their piezoelectric response, which is due to two contributions known as intrinsic and extrinsic. In this work, we have used a (K,Na)NbO 3 -based lead-free piezoceramic as a model system to investigate the evolution of the extrinsic contribution around a PPB. X-ray diffraction measurements are performed over a wide range of temperatures in order to determine the structures and transitions. The relevance of the extrinsic contribution at the PPB region is evaluated by means of nonlinear dielectric response measurements. Though it is widely appreciated that certain intrinsic properties of ferroelectric materials increase as PPBs are approached, our results demonstrate that the extrinsic contribution also maximizes. An enhancement of the extrinsic contribution is therefore also responsible for improving the functional properties at the PPB region. Rayleigh's law is used to quantitatively analyze the nonlinear response. As a result, an evolution of the domain wall motion dynamics through the PPB region is detected. This work demonstrates that the extrinsic contribution at a PPB may have a dynamic role in lead-free piezoelectric materials, thereby exerting a far greater influence on their functional properties than that considered to date.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 6
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    Investigating the maximum resolution of {micro}XRF core scanners: A 1800 year storminess reconstruction from the Outer Hebrides, Scotland, UK (2016)
    Sage
    In: Holocene
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-09
    Description: Micro x-ray fluorescence (µXRF) core scanning is capable of measuring the elemental composition of lake sediment at sub-millimetre resolution, but bioturbation and physical mixing may degrade environmental signals at such fine scales. The aim of this research is to determine the maximum possible resolution at which meaningful environmental signals may be reconstructed from lake sediments using this method. Sediment from a coastal lake in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland, has been analysed using calibrated element measurements to reconstruct storminess since AD 200. We find that a Ca/K ratio in lake-core sediments reflects the presence of fine calcium carbonate shell fragments, a constituent of sand in the catchment that is washed and blown into the lake. Variations in this ratio are significantly correlated with instrumental records of precipitation and low pressures, suggesting it is a proxy for storminess. Furthermore, identification of a c . 60-year cycle supports a climatic influence on Ca/K, as this cycle is frequently identified in reconstructions of the North Atlantic Oscillation and North Atlantic sea-surface temperature. Comparison with weather records at different resolutions and spectral analysis indicate that µXRF data from Loch Hosta can be interpreted at sub-decadal resolutions (equivalent to core depth intervals of 3–5 mm in this location). Therefore, we suggest that sub-centimetre sampling using µXRF core scanning could be beneficial in producing environmental reconstructions in many lake settings where sediments are not varved.
    Print ISSN: 0959-6836
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-0911
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Sage
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  • 7
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    Evaluating harvest-based control of invasive fish with telemetry: Performance of sea lamprey traps in the Great Lakes (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-10
    Description: Physical removal (e.g., harvest via traps or nets) of mature individuals may be a cost-effective or socially-acceptable alternative to chemical control strategies for invasive species, but requires knowledge of the spatial distribution of a population over time. We used acoustic telemetry to determine the current and possible future role of traps to control and assess invasive sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus , in the St. Marys River, the connecting channel between Lake Superior and Lake Huron. Exploitation rates (i.e., fractions of an adult sea lamprey population removed by traps) at two upstream locations were compared among three years and two points of entry to the system. Telemetry receivers throughout the drainage allowed trap performance (exploitation rate) to be partitioned into two components: proportion of migrating sea lampreys that visited trap sites (availability) and proportion of available sea lampreys that were caught by traps (local trap efficiency). Estimated exploitation rates were well below those needed to provide population control in the absence of lampricides and were limited by availability and local trap efficiency. Local trap efficiency estimates for acoustic-tagged sea lampreys were lower than analogous estimates regularly obtained using traditional mark-recapture methods, suggesting that abundance had been previously under-estimated. Results suggested major changes would be required to substantially increase catch, including: improvements to existing traps, installation of new traps, or other modifications to attract and retain more sea lampreys. This case study also shows how bias associated with telemetry tags can be estimated and incorporated in models to improve inferences about parameters that are directly relevant to fishery management. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 1051-0761
    Electronic ISSN: 1939-5582
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Ecological Society of America (ESA).
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  • 8
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    Facies and petrographic assessment of Upper Devonian outcrops, Dunnet Head and Orkney, northern Scotland (2018)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈span〉〈div〉Abstract〈/div〉Upper Devonian strata occur in the Central and Northern North Sea and crop out in coastal exposures in northeastern Scotland. The strata comprise continental sandstones and intercalated conglomerates, siltstones and mudstones. The offshore Upper Devonian unit (Buchan Formation) has been proven as a locally important hydrocarbon reservoir; however, the limited core coverage in the North Sea means that the architecture of the Buchan Formation is poorly understood. This study looks at two localities in Caithness and Orkney with excellent Upper Devonian exposures, which are chronologically equivalent to the Buchan Formation. The main aims are to describe the facies present and to investigate the mineralogical compositions and porosity variations using petrographic analyses. The results indicate that the studied outcrops were formed by braided fluvial and aeolian dune deposition. The aeolian sandstones have higher compositional/textural maturity and porosity than the fluvial sandstones. The main control on porosity is facies variation that results in differences in sedimentary structures, grain size and abundance of rock fragments. With similar palaeoclimate, depositional environments, lithologies and petrographies, these outcrops can be considered excellent analogues for the Buchan Formation reservoirs in the North Sea.〈/span〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-9276
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4951
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 9
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    Soil erosion is unlikely to drive a future carbon sink in Europe (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉Understanding of the processes governing soil organic carbon turnover is confounded by the fact that C feedbacks driven by soil erosion have not yet been fully explored at large scale. However, in a changing climate, variation in rainfall erosivity (and hence soil erosion) may change the amount of C displacement, hence inducing feedbacks onto the land C cycle. Using a consistent biogeochemistry-erosion model framework to quantify the impact of future climate on the C cycle, we show that C input increases were offset by higher heterotrophic respiration under climate change. Taking into account all the additional feedbacks and C fluxes due to displacement by erosion, we estimated a net source of 0.92 to 10.1 Tg C year〈sup〉–1〈/sup〉 from agricultural soils in the European Union to the atmosphere over the period 2016–2100. These ranges represented a weaker and stronger C source compared to a simulation without erosion (1.8 Tg C year〈sup〉–1〈/sup〉), respectively, and were dependent on the erosion-driven C loss parameterization, which is still very uncertain. However, when setting a baseline with current erosion rates, the accelerated erosion scenario resulted in 35% more eroded C, but its feedback on the C cycle was marginal. Our results challenge the idea that higher erosion driven by climate will lead to a C sink in the near future.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Sustainability, Vol. 11, Pages 134: Solubility, Diffusion and Crop Uptake of Phosphorus in Three Different Struvites (2018)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Phosphate (P) fertilisers produced from waste recycling (e.g., struvite) are considered to be more sustainable than those conventionally produced from the processing of rock P (e.g., highly soluble triple superphosphate, TSP). In this study, we used 33P to monitor struvite dissolution and P diffusion into the soil in comparison to TSP. We evaluated three distinct chemical formulations of struvite, namely: (1) Crystal Green® (CG) produced in an industrial process from sewage sludge; (2) natural struvite (NS) precipitated in swine manure pipelines; and (3) laboratory precipitated struvite (PS) from chicken manure by a new process of P recovery. P diffusion was evaluated in soil columns over a 21-day period. This was complimented with a pot experiment in which wheat and soybean were cultivated in a Eutric Cambisol for 38 days in the presence of either struvite or TSP. P fertilisers were applied at a dose equivalent to 17.5 kg P ha−1 and fertiliser solubility determined by recovering soil solution. All three types of struvite tested showed reduced P solubility and mobility relative to TSP, but a comparison of the three struvites has shown that their P solubilities differed by a factor of two, with the greatest P release (up to 85% of total P) obtained from a struvite recovered from poultry manure and containing other useful nutrients (K, S and Ca). All struvites enhanced crop growth and P uptake of wheat and soybean relative to a nil P control, with up to 80% P recovery compared to TSP. These results further support the more widespread use of struvite as a sustainable source of P to plants despite its low water solubility.
    Electronic ISSN: 2071-1050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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