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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: The evident need for improving the existing building stock still suffers from important barriers, such as the fragmentation of the value chain, the lack of information regarding some solutions, and the lack of confidence with respect to energy savings, which prevent unlocking investments, and the difficult communication among stakeholders. Therefore, new processes based on exploiting the potential of existing and new tools are required. In this framework, the OptEEmAL project has developed a tool that integrates stakeholders, data and tools in order to ease the process of designing energy efficient retrofitting projects at building and district scale. This tool works around an optimisation framework in order to evaluate, compare and optimise candidate retrofitting scenarios against a set of indicators showing the performance of the district. This evaluation and optimisation method is based on aggregating indicators through transforming the priorities of stakeholders into a mathematical weighting scheme, which makes it possible to provide scenarios within their expectations. Therefore, the generation of these scenarios is driven by their design parameters, being thus flexible and adapted to their needs. This paper shows the implementation of this tool and specifically 3 different prioritisation schemes, analysing how they impact into the decision making process and selection of the retrofitting strategy.
    Electronic ISSN: 2071-1050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2015-03-13
    Description: Turbulent fluid flows have long been recognized as a superior means of diluting initial concentrations of scalars due to rapid stirring. Conversely, experiments have shown that the structures responsible for this rapid dilution can also aggregate initially distant reactive scalars and thereby greatly enhance reaction rates. Indeed, chaotic flows not only enhance dilution by shearing and stretching but also organize initially distant scalars along transiently attracting regions in the flow. To show the robustness of this phenomenon, a hierarchical set of three numerical flows is used: the periodic wake downstream of a stationary cylinder, a chaotic double gyre flow, and a chaotic, aperiodic flow consisting of interacting Taylor vortices. We demonstrate that Lagrangian coherent structures (LCS), as identified by ridges in finite time Lyapunov exponents, are directly responsible for this coalescence of reactive scalar filaments. When highly concentrated filaments coalesce, reaction rates can be orders of magnitude greater than would be predicted in a well-mixed system. This is further supported by an idealized, analytical model that was developed to quantify the competing effects of scalar dilution and coalescence. Chaotic flows, known for their ability to efficiently dilute scalars, therefore have the competing effect of organizing initially distant scalars along the LCS at timescales shorter than that required for dilution, resulting in reaction enhancement.
    Print ISSN: 1070-6631
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7666
    Topics: Physics
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  • 3
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    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    In: Chaos
    Publication Date: 2015-03-24
    Description: To characterize transport in a deterministic dynamical system is to compute exit time distributions from regions or transition time distributions between regions in phase space. This paper surveys the considerable progress on this problem over the past thirty years. Primary measures of transport for volume-preserving maps include the exiting and incoming fluxes to a region. For area-preserving maps, transport is impeded by curves formed from invariant manifolds that form partial barriers, e.g., stable and unstable manifolds bounding a resonance zone or cantori, the remnants of destroyed invariant tori. When the map is exact volume preserving, a Lagrangian differential form can be used to reduce the computation of fluxes to finding a difference between the actions of certain key orbits, such as homoclinic orbits to a saddle or to a cantorus. Given a partition of phase space into regions bounded by partial barriers, a Markov tree model of transport explains key observations, such as the algebraic decay of exit and recurrence distributions.
    Print ISSN: 1054-1500
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7682
    Topics: Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2018-09-08
    Description: Energies, Vol. 11, Pages 2368: Novel Design Support Methodology Based on a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Approach for Energy Efficient District Retrofitting Projects Energies doi: 10.3390/en11092368 Authors: Miguel Á. García-Fuentes Rubén García-Pajares Cecilia Sanz Alberto Meiss Districts can be considered as a system of complex interconnections, interactions, relationships and flows. Therefore, a comprehensive approach is essential for effective decision-making with regards to energy efficiency improvement. When addressing interventions with a wider scale, the range of possible interventions is greater, as well as the possibilities of new business models to make bankable the interventions. However certain barriers can appear linked to the interactions among stakeholders, which are usually more complex than when tackling individual actuations. To overcome these barriers it is necessary to establish integrated and systemic methodologies able to support stakeholders to implement better collaboration approaches and carry out more informed decisions. These decisions should be based on a set of relevant indicators, calculated at district level, capturing the different stages that form the retrofitting process (from the diagnosis to the final assessment). This paper presents a holistic design methodology based on the application of a Multi-Criteria Decision Making approach that allows designing optimised solutions. This methodology is based on the evaluation of a set of District Sustainability Indicators while proposing an Integrated Project Delivery method improving the communications among stakeholders and, therefore, the decision-making process.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1073
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2017-09-06
    Description: Author(s): Or Alus, Shmuel Fishman, and James D. Meiss We compute universal distributions for the transition probabilities of a Markov model for transport in the mixed phase space of area-preserving maps and verify that the survival probability distribution for trajectories near an infinite island-around-island hierarchy exhibits, on average, a power-la... [Phys. Rev. E 96, 032204] Published Tue Sep 05, 2017
    Keywords: Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos
    Print ISSN: 1539-3755
    Electronic ISSN: 1550-2376
    Topics: Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2017-08-24
    Description: Energies, Vol. 10, Pages 1252: Proposal for a Simplified CFD Procedure for Obtaining Patterns of the Age of Air in Outdoor Spaces for the Natural Ventilation of Buildings Energies doi: 10.3390/en10091252 Authors: Miguel Padilla-Marcos Alberto Meiss Jesús Feijó-Muñoz Built urban environments modify the air quality of the natural ventilation processes in buildings. The experimental assessment of outdoor air change (OACH) processes is complex due to the air volumes involved. The quality of the OACH can be analysed through the ventilation efficiency concept, which has been extensively studied in order to characterize the ventilation of indoor spaces. Ventilation efficiency through the age-of-the-air concept assesses the air-change capacity of a certain space. A procedure formulation for obtaining an adequate control domain (CD) to evaluate outdoor air change efficiency (OACE) is proposed. A methodology in two phases is presented: first, an evaluation stage, in which the outdoor air behaviour patterns are studied; then, a second phase where an ideal control domain (ICD) is obtained in order to comparatively assess several cases in similar urban environments. The outcomes determine a proposed ICD for evaluating the design of efficiently ventilated buildings in open urban built environments. The methodology of validation proposed simplifies the assessment of the building shape and its impact on the quality of the OACH by the OACE. The suggested ICD has dimensions of L = 5H; D = 3H; and T = 2H. ICD enables the representation of the air behaviour and fulfils the imposed requirements to evaluate efficiency with a mean accuracy lower than 0.6%.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1073
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2017-11-05
    Description: This work analyses how the built environment affects the quality of the air to be introduced into buildings from light shafts. Several factors such as urban environment and building design intervene in the ability of the light shaft to produce its air change process. Urban areas continuously pollute the air in cities which affects the human health and the environment sustainability. Poor air quality outside buildings supposes a big energy waste to promote an acceptable air quality inside buildings. That requires a large flow rate to maintain the indoor air quality which is translated to an energy efficiency term. The main objective focuses on the impact of standardized architecture design in the quality of the indoor air dependent on the air change in the light shaft. The air change capacity of the outdoor space is numbered analysed using the concept of air change efficiency (ACE). ACE is determined by the built environment, the wind conditions and the design of the build...
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2018-07-25
    Description: Energies, Vol. 11, Pages 1932: Assessment for the Age-Of-The-Air and Ventilation Efficiency in Confined Outdoor Spaces through Computational Fluid Dynamics Techniques Energies doi: 10.3390/en11081932 Authors: Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos Meiss Alberto An experimentally validated numerical method for evaluating the suitability of an urban design with regard to its capacity to provide the optimum air quality for its occupants through the confined outdoor spaces is proposed. Eight possible confined outdoor spaces are defined according to their position with regard to the built elements, laterally delimited by the envelope surfaces of the neighbouring buildings. This work focuses on the definition of a procedure capable of analysing outdoor air change quality according to the age-of-the-air concept. The obtained results show that the confined outdoor spaces that are exposed to the wind action are more predisposed to reduce the mean age-of-the-air that they contain. For the analysed cases, a considerable improvement of up to 78.68% in the air change quality can be obtained by taking into account wind exposure criteria in relation to its shape and urban density, which is classified for this purpose.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1073
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-11-01
    Print ISSN: 2405-4712
    Electronic ISSN: 2405-4720
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Cell Press
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  • 10
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