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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2023-04-26
    Description: Abstract
    Description: The Community Stress Drop Validation Study has been organized as a technical activity group (TAG) of SCEC (Southern California Earthquake Center) with the aim of investigating the source parameters of the 2019 Ridgecrest seismic sequence in California. Information about the stress drop TAG are available trough the benchmark web-page (https://www.scec.org/research/stress-drop-validation). Several groups applied different techniques to a shared data set with the objective of extracting source parameters (e.g. seismic moment and corner frequency) and in turn to estimate the stress drop. We applied a spectral decomposition approach known as generalized inversion technique (GIT) and the overall analyses are presented in a series of two articles (Bindi et al 2023a; Bindi et al 2023b). Results in the form of files, figures, and tables are disseminated through this archive.
    Keywords: 2019 Ridgecrest sequence ; source parameters ; spectral decomposition ; EARTH SCIENCE 〉 SOLID EARTH 〉 TECTONICS 〉 EARTHQUAKES ; geological process 〉 seismic activity 〉 earthquake
    Type: Dataset , Dataset
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Abstract
    Description: Irpinia seismic Array is part of the DEnse mulTi-paramEtriC observations and 4D high resoluTion imaging (DETECT) project focused on the acquisition of a unique multiparametric dataset and fosters collaboration among various institutions. The University of Naples Federico II (UniNa) and the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) are leading this effort carried out in collaboration with various local institutions and supported by the local municipalities. The DETECT project aims at exploiting very dense seismic networks deployed across a segmented fault system (Irpinia and Pergola-Melandro) to foster the development of scientific integrated methodologies for monitoring and imaging the fault behavior during the inter-seismic phase. The Irpinia seismic Array consists of a dense constellation of seismic antennas using more than 200 seismic stations deployed for one year. Each seismic antenna, with maximum aperture of ~2 km, uses one broad-band sensor, one short period sensor with 1 Hz and 8 with 4.5 Hz natural frequency. The antennas are deployed above and near the fault segments that generated during the last centuries many strong earthquakes in the southern Apennines. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code ZK.
    Keywords: Seismological stations ; In Situ/Laboratory Instruments 〉 Magnetic/Motion Sensors 〉 Seismometers ; In Situ Land-based Platforms 〉 GEOPHYSICAL STATIONS/NETWORKS ; Passive seismic ; Local network ; Temporary ; Array ; Velocity ; Seismometers ; MiniSEED
    Type: Dataset , Seismic Network
    Format: ~1T
    Format: .mseed
    Format: XML
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2023-10-03
    Description: In part 1, we run multiple GIT decomposition for different choices of model assumptions, namely three different window duration for Fourier calculation, two different parametrization of the attenuation, two different site constraints. We also considered different source models (Brune, Boatwright, Brune with kappa_source) and different approaches to estimate uncertainties of source parameters (i.e., considering the covariance matrix, Monte Carlo sampling of the residual distribution, model selection with threshold based on F-test).
    Description: As part of the community stress-drop validation study initiative, we apply a spectral decomposition approach to isolate the source spectra of 556 events occurred during the 2019 Ridgecrest sequence (Southern California). We perform multiple decompositions by introducing alternative choices for some processing and model assumptions, namely: three different S-wave window durations (i.e., 5 s, 20 s, and variable between 5 and 20 s); two attenuation models that account differently for depth dependencies; and two different site amplification constraints applied to restore uniqueness of the solution. Seismic moment and corner frequency are estimated for the Brune and Boatwright source models, and an extensive archive including source spectra, site amplifications, attenuation models, and tables with source parameters is disseminated as the main product of the present study. We also compare different approaches to measure the precision of the parameters expressed in terms of 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The CIs estimated from the asymptotic standard errors and from Monte Carlo resampling of the residual distribution show an almost one-to-one correspondence; the approach based on model selection by setting a threshold for misfit chosen with an F-ratio test is conservative compared to the approach based on the asymptotic standard errors. The uncertainty analysis is completed in the companion article in which the outcomes from this work are used to compare epistemic uncertainty with precision of the source parameters.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1980–1991
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: source parameters ; GIT ; uncertainties ; moment magnitude ; corner frequency ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2023-10-03
    Description: This paper is the second part of a previous publication (Bindi et al. 2023 DOI: 10.1785/0220230019). All the decompositions of part 1 are organized in a sort of logic tree and mixed-effect regressions are performed to partition the variability into contributions related to duration, attenuation and site-constraint grouping factors. Statistical uncertainties computed in part 1 (i.e., coming from the fit) are compared with epistemic uncertainties associated to the logic tree, and Sammon's maps are used to visualize the impact of the grouping factors on the overall shape of the source spectra.
    Description: As part of the community stress‐drop validation study, we evaluate the uncertainties of seismic moment M0 and corner frequency fc for earthquakes of the 2019 Ridgecrest sequence. Source spectra were obtained in the companion article by applying the spectral decomposition approach with alternative processing and model assumptions. The objective of the present study is twofold: first, to quantify the impact of different assumptions on the source parameters; and second, to use the distribution of values obtained with different assumptions to estimate an epistemic contribution to the uncertainties. Regarding the first objective, we find that the choice of the attenuation model has a strong impact on fc results: by introducing a depth‐dependent attenuation model, fc estimates of events shallower than 6 km increase of about 10%. Also, the duration of the window used to compute the Fourier spectra show an impact on fc ⁠: the average ratio between the estimates for 20 s duration to those for 5 s decreases from 1.1 for Mw〈3 to 0.66 for Mw〉4.5. For the second objective, we use a mixed‐effect regression to partition the intraevent variability into duration, propagation, and site contributions. The standard deviation ϕ of the intraevent residuals for log(fc) is 0.0635, corresponding to a corner frequency ratio 102ϕ=1.33. When the intraevent variability is compared to uncertainties on log(fc), we observe that 2ϕ is generally larger than the 95% confidence interval of log(fc), suggesting that the uncertainty of the source parameters provided by the fitting procedure might underestimate the model‐related (epistemic) uncertainty. Finally, although we observe an increase of log(Δσ) with log(M0) regardless of the model assumptions, the increase of Δσ with depth depends on the assumptions, and no significant trends are detected when depth‐dependent attenuation and velocity values are considered.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1992–2002
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2023-01-31
    Description: Deep fluids play active roles during the preparatory phases of large earthquakes and, through their chemical signature, carry information about deep processes within the seismogenic crust. Due to its inertness and isotopic signature, helium (the lightest noble gas) is a useful tracer for investigating the processes of storage and transfer of fluids through the crust, including those prior to hazardous earthquakes. Here we analyse a 12-year earthquake catalogue from the Irpinia Fault Zone, Italy, to compute the 4He outputs from the seismogenetic fault zones (from 104 to 106 mol y−1 with an annual tenfold variability) and compare these with estimates of long-term helium flux. We find that low-magnitude earthquakes (M 〈 4) efficiently contribute to variations of the crustal helium output into the atmosphere which supports the impulsive nature of He degassing in tectonically active continental regions. We conclude that there is a quantitative relationship between crustal helium outputs and the volume of fault zones, and suggest variations in helium flux may represent a gauge of changes in the stress field that are related to the nucleation of earthquakes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 224
    Description: 9T. Geochimica dei fluidi applicata allo studio e al monitoraggio di aree sismiche
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: helium ; earth degassing ; earthquakes ; Near fault observatory
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2023-03-15
    Description: Seismic monitoring in areas where induced earthquakes could occur is a challenging topic for seismologists due to the generally very low signal to noise ratio. Therefore, the seismological community is devoting several efforts to the development of high-quality networks around the areas where fluid injection and storage and geothermal activities take place, also following the national induced seismicity monitoring guidelines. The use of advanced data mining strategies, such as template matching filters, auto-similarity search, and deep-learning approaches, has recently further fostered such monitoring, enhancing the seismic catalogs and lowering the magnitude of completeness of these areas. In this framework, we carried out an experiment where a small-aperture seismic array was installed within the dense seismic network used for monitoring the gas reservoir of Collalto, in North Italy. The continuous velocimetric data, acquired for 25 days, were analysed through the application of the optimized auto-similarity search technique FAST. The array was conceived as a cost-effective network, aimed at integrating, right above the gas storage site, the permanent high-resolution Collalto Seismic Network. The analysis allowed to detect micro-events down to magnitude Ml = −0.4 within a distance of ~15 km from the array. Our results confirmed that the system based on the array installation and the FAST data analysis might contribute to lowering the magnitude of completeness around the site of about 0.7 units.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3504
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: induced seismicity monitoring ; seismic arrays ; sensor network technology ; seismic arrays
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2023-03-15
    Description: Seismic sequences are a powerful tool to locally infer geometrical and mechanical properties of faults and fault systems. In this study, we provided detailed location and characterization of events of the 3–7 July 2020 Irpinia sequence (southern Italy) that occurred at the northern tip of the main segment that ruptured during the 1980 Irpinia earthquake. Using an autocorrelation technique, we detected more than 340 events within the sequence, with local magnitude ranging between −0.5 and 3.0. We thus provided double difference locations, source parameter estimation, and focal mechanisms determination for the largest quality events. We found that the sequence ruptured an asperity with a size of about 800 m, along a fault structure having a strike compatible with the one of the main segments of the 1980 Irpinia earthquake, and a dip of 50–55° at depth of 10.5–12 km and 60–65° at shallower depths (7.5–9 km). Low stress drop release (average of 0.64 MPa) indicates a fluid-driven initiation mechanism of the sequence. We also evaluated the performance of the earthquake early warning systems running in real-time during the sequence, retrieving a minimum size for the blind zone in the area of about 15 km.
    Description: Published
    Description: 28
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: earthquake seismology ; microseismicity ; seismic techniques ; seismotectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: We apply a spectral decomposition approach to isolate the source spectra from propagation and site effects and, in turn, to estimate the source parameters of small‐to‐moderate earthquakes that occurred in central Italy. The data set is composed of about 400,000 waveforms relevant to 4111 earthquakes in the moment magnitude range 1.5–6.5, recorded by a high‐density network of stations installed in the study area. We first investigate the reliability of the source parameters for small magnitudes through numerical simulations. We generate synthetic spectra for different source scaling models and near‐surface attenuation effects, considering the source–station geometry and the data availability of the central Italy data set. Our analysis with synthetics shows that the spectral decomposition is effective in isolating the source contributions from other factors. Moreover, the analysis of the residual distributions suggests that moment magnitude 1.8 is the lower bound for the retrieval of reliable Brune’s source parameters, although we observe an increase of residual’s variability below magnitude 3, and the estimated source parameters could be biased below magnitude 2.3. Remarkably, the assessment of the stress drop Δσ for small events is strongly hampered by site‐specific attenuation near the surface. In view of the results with synthetics, we analyze the source parameters of earthquakes recorded in central Italy. The corner frequency versus seismic moment relationship describes a source scaling in which Δσ increases with increasing moment magnitude Mw⁠, the mean Δσ varying from 0.1 MPa for Mw〈2 to 7.9 MPa for Mw〉5⁠. In particular, Δσ increases mainly for Mw in the ranges 2.5–3 and 4.5–5.2. The corner frequencies estimated from the apparent source spectra do not show any dependence on hypocentral distance and magnitude, confirming that uncorrected anelastic attenuation effects do not significantly bias the results.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3139–3157
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: source parameters ; Central Italy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: This study is focused on fluids characterization and circulations through the crust of the Irpinia region, an active seismic zone in Southern Italy, that has experienced several high-magnitude earthquakes, including a catastrophic one in 1980 (M = 6.9 Ms). Using isotopic geochemistry and the carbon‑helium system in free and dissolved volatiles in water, this study aims to explore the processes at depth that can alter pristine chemistry of these natural fluids. Gas-rock-water interactions and their impact on CO2 emissions and isotopic composition are evaluated using a multidisciplinary model that integrates geochemistry and regional geological data. By analyzing the He isotopic signature in the natural fluids, the release of mantle-derived He on a regional scale in Southern Italy is verified, along with significant emissions of deep-sourced CO2. The proposed model, supported by geological and geophysical constraints, is based on the interactions between gas, rock, and water within the crust and the degassing of deep-sourced CO2. Furthermore, this study reveals that the Total Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (TDIC) in cold waters results from mixing between a shallow and a deeper carbon endmember that is equilibrated with carbonate lithology. In addition, the geochemical signature of TDIC in thermal carbon-rich water is explained by supplementary secondary processes, including equilibrium fractionation between solid, gas, and aqueous phases, as well as sinks such as mineral precipitation and CO2 degassing. These findings have important implications for developing effective monitoring strategies for crustal fluids in different geological contexts and highlight the critical need to understand gas-water-rock interaction processes that control fluid chemistry at depths that can affect the assessment of the CO2 flux in atmosphere. Finally, this study highlights that the emissions of natural CO2 from the seismically active Irpinia area are up to 4.08·10+9 mol·y-1, which amounts is in the range of worldwide volcanic systems.
    Description: Published
    Description: 165367
    Description: OST3 Vicino alla faglia
    Description: OST5 Verso un nuovo Monitoraggio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: CO(2) output; Carbon isotopes; Degassing; Earthquakes; Noble gases; Precipitation ; 04.04 Solid Earth ; 01.01. Atmosphere ; 03.01. General ; 03.02. Hydrology ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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