ALBERT

Description: 〈jats:p〉Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land-use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based fCO2 products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. Additional lines of evidence on land and ocean sinks are provided by atmospheric inversions, atmospheric oxygen measurements, and Earth system models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and incomplete understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the year 2022, EFOS increased by 0.9 % relative to 2021, with fossil emissions at 9.9±0.5 Gt C yr−1 (10.2±0.5 Gt C yr−1 when the cement carbonation sink is not included), and ELUC was 1.2±0.7 Gt C yr−1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission (including the cement carbonation sink) of 11.1±0.8 Gt C yr−1 (40.7±3.2 Gt CO2 yr−1). Also, for 2022, GATM was 4.6±0.2 Gt C yr−1 (2.18±0.1 ppm yr−1; ppm denotes parts per million), SOCEAN was 2.8±0.4 Gt C yr−1, and SLAND was 3.8±0.8 Gt C yr−1, with a BIM of −0.1 Gt C yr−1 (i.e. total estimated sources marginally too low or sinks marginally too high). The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2022 reached 417.1±0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2023 suggest an increase in EFOS relative to 2022 of +1.1 % (0.0 % to 2.1 %) globally and atmospheric CO2 concentration reaching 419.3 ppm, 51 % above the pre-industrial level (around 278 ppm in 1750). Overall, the mean of and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2022, with a near-zero overall budget imbalance, although discrepancies of up to around 1 Gt C yr−1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows the following: (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living-data update documents changes in methods and data sets applied to this most recent global carbon budget as well as evolving community understanding of the global carbon cycle. The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2023 (Friedlingstein et al., 2023). 〈/jats:p〉

Description: Surface current drifters were deployed east of Brava island (Cape Verde archipelago, Atlantic ocean) from the RV Meteor during the cruise M160, which took place between 22. November and 20. December 2019. The drifters were deployed in 3 clusters with 3 drifters per cluster. The utilized drifters are the MD03i from Albatros Marine Technologies, Spain. They have a cylinder shape with a 10 cm diameter and 32 cm length. About 8 cm protrude from the water surface and a drogue of both 50 cm length and diameter is attached to each drifter 50 cm below the sea surface so that difter represent currents in the upper 1 m surface layer. The drifter obtains the GPS position and transmits it via the satellite communication system Iridium to the vessel. The overall ratio of drag area inside to drag area outside the water is 33.2.

Description: Flow-through pCO2, Temp/Sal, and O2 measurements across the Atlantic (Meteor M133 cruise 2016/17) from Cape Town, SA to Stanley, The Falkland Islands. Surface water flow-through system set up on R.V. Meteor M133 (15.12.2016 - 13.01.2017), across the Atlantic. All sensors ran on the same water in a complete flow-through sensor set-up. Depth of pumps: 5.7m from the moon pool Flow rate: ~ 5-6 L/min All data was processed following Canning et al., 2020 (In Review). Sensor data in separate files. Sensors: pCO2: CONTROS HydroC CO2 FT - formerly Kongsberg Maritime Contros GmbH, Kiel, Germany; now -4H-JENA engineering GmbH, Jena, Germany O2: CONTROS HydroFlash O2 - formerly Kongsberg Maritime Contros GmbH, Kiel, Germany SBE 45 Micro Thermosalinograph - Sea-Bird Electronics, Bellevue, USA D-SHIP data from the ships SBE 38 and 21 for sea surface temperature and salinity. Latitude and longitude also from the D-SHIP. All sensors combined together in the same flow-through set-up.

Description: Flow-through pCO2, Temp/Sal, and O2 measurements across the Atlantic (Meteor M133 cruise 2016/17) from Cape Town, SA to Stanley, The Falkland Islands. Surface water flow-through system set up on R.V. Meteor M133 (15.12.2016 - 13.01.2017), across the Atlantic. All sensors ran on the same water in a complete flow-through sensor set-up. Depth of pumps: 5.7m from the moon pool Flow rate: ~ 5-6 L/min All data was processed following Canning et al., 2020 (In Review). Sensor data in separate files. Sensors: pCO2: CONTROS HydroC CO2 FT - formerly Kongsberg Maritime Contros GmbH, Kiel, Germany; now -4H-JENA engineering GmbH, Jena, Germany O2: CONTROS HydroFlash O2 - formerly Kongsberg Maritime Contros GmbH, Kiel, Germany SBE 45 Micro Thermosalinograph - Sea-Bird Electronics, Bellevue, USA D-SHIP data from the ships SBE 38 and 21 for sea surface temperature and salinity. Latitude and longitude also from the D-SHIP. All sensors combined together in the same flow-through set-up.

Description: Flow-through pCO2, Temp/Sal, and O2 measurements across the Atlantic (Meteor M133 cruise 2016/17) from Cape Town, SA to Stanley, The Falkland Islands. Surface water flow-through system set up on R.V. Meteor M133 (15.12.2016 - 13.01.2017), across the Atlantic. All sensors ran on the same water in a complete flow-through sensor set-up. Depth of pumps: 5.7m from the moon pool Flow rate: ~ 5-6 L/min All data was processed following Canning et al., 2020 (In Review). Sensor data in separate files. Sensors: pCO2: CONTROS HydroC CO2 FT - formerly Kongsberg Maritime Contros GmbH, Kiel, Germany; now -4H-JENA engineering GmbH, Jena, Germany O2: CONTROS HydroFlash O2 - formerly Kongsberg Maritime Contros GmbH, Kiel, Germany SBE 45 Micro Thermosalinograph - Sea-Bird Electronics, Bellevue, USA D-SHIP data from the ships SBE 38 and 21 for sea surface temperature and salinity. Latitude and longitude also from the D-SHIP. All sensors combined together in the same flow-through set-up.

Description: Flow-through pCO2, pCH4 Temp/Sal, and O2 measurements in the western Baltic Sea during SCOR cruise (separate to the intercalibration exercise). Surface water flow-through sensor system set up on R.V. Elisabeth Mann Borgese (15.10.2016 - 22.10.2016). All sensors ran on the same water in a complete flow-through sensor set-up at a resolution of 1 minute. Depth of pumps: 3m Flow rate: ~ 5-6 L/min All data was processed following Canning et al., 2020 (In Review). Sensor data in separate files. Sensors: pCO2: CONTROS HydroC CO2 FT - formerly Kongsberg Maritime Contros GmbH, Kiel, Germany; now -4H-JENA engineering GmbH, Jena, Germany O2: CONTROS HydroFlash O2 - formerly Kongsberg Maritime Contros GmbH, Kiel, Germany SBE 45 Micro Thermosalinograph - Sea-Bird Electronics, Bellevue, USA Temperature, salinity, latitude and longitude included are also from the D-SHIP. Only half the cruise dataset for pCH4 due to internal issue with the sensor (see Canning et al., 2020).