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The Second Life of Natural Killer (NK) Cells (2021)

Joseph C. Sun ; Marco Colonna ; Chiara Romagnani

Frontiers Media SA

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Publication Date: 2023-12-21

Description: Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes, now recognized as members of a larger family of “Innate lymphoid cells” (ILCs). Both murine and human NK cells are well characterized effector cells with cytotoxic as well as cytokine production ability which mainly react in response to microbial and cell stress stimuli, thus playing a central role in the defense against pathogen infection, in tumor surveillance and in regulating immune homeostasis. Despite these established concepts, our understanding of the complexity of NK cells, also in view of their developmental and functional relationship with other ILC subsets, is only recently emerging. This Research Topic highlights the recent advances in NK cell (and ILC) research in human and mouse from basic research to clinical applications.

Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; natural killer cells ; ILC ; NK cells ; immune therapy ; viral infection ; NK cell education ; immunotherapy ; MHC-I ; cancer ; immune regulation ; adaptive immunity ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine

Language: English

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Electronic Resource

Calculations of the Activation Energies of Some Reactions between the Halogens and the Ethylene Double Bond (1934)

Sherman, Albert ; Sun, C. E.

s.l. : American Chemical Society

Journal of the American Chemical Society 56 (1934), S. 1096-1101

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ISSN: 1520-5126

Source: ACS Legacy Archives

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01320a027

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Mechanism of multidecadal oscillation in north Atlantic ocean and implications for Asian climate (2023)

Sun, C. ; Jianping, L.

In: XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)

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Publication Date: 2023-04-17

Description: The North Atlantic sea surface temperature multidecadal oscillation, or AMO, has a substantial impact on both the global and local climate. The authors suggest a delayed oscillator model of interdecadal sea-air coupling to describe the underlying physical principles of AMO. On the basis of the impact of cumulative atmospheric forcing on ocean circulation, they also develop new AMOC indicators and shed light on the AMO's dynamics. To explain the remote impacts of AMO, the authors propose and identify the Atlantic-West Pacific trans-basin SST mode as a significant mode of global inter-oceanic interdecadal variability based on observational and model evidence. They discover that this mode started to change from a negative to a positive phase in the 1990s, which led to significant changes in the regional SST system in the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea. As a result, the warming rate of the Arabian Sea began to significantly accelerate in the 1990s. The Atlantic-West Pacific trans-basin SST mode corresponds to the synchronous changes of the Atlantic warm pool and the West Pacific warm pool, which have an important impact on the zonal Walker circulation; on the other hand, the Atlantic-West Pacific trans-basin SST mode can modulate the SST gradient in the northern and southern hemispheres, causing the variability of the meridional Hadley circulation and the north-south shift of the ITCZ position. These AMO-related changes have an impact on the climate in Asia as well as extreme weather (such tropical cyclones and heatwaves).

Language: English

Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject

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On the influences of the continental shelf bathymetry correction in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica (2023)

Sun, C. ; Liu, C. ; Wang, Z.

In: XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)

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Publication Date: 2023-06-05

Description: The bathymetry around Antarctica can govern the shelf sea circulations and play a key role in conditioning water masses. In Prydz Bay, the Prydz Bay Gyre and coastal currents are also determined by the continental shelf topography. However, due to the paucity of beam echo sounding data, the bathymetric datasets in Prydz Bay still have large uncertainties. With the aid of in situ hydrographic observations, this study focuses on the correction of an up-to-date bathymetric dataset and the resultant influences on the shelf circulation and the basal melting of the ice shelves. The corrected bathymetry mainly improves the biased shallow representations in the uncorrected bathymetric data set, with a maximum change of ~500 m deepening in the eastern flank of Prydz Bay. Sensitivity numerical experiments show that the bathymetric corrections in Prydz Bay have a significant impact on the circulation pattern and onshore warm water intrusions. In addition, the corrected bathymetry markedly decreases the heat transport towards the calving front of the Amery Ice Shelf. The onshore heat transport reduces by ~22.18% from ~5.23×10〈sup〉13〈/sup〉 J s〈sup〉-1〈/sup〉 to ~4.07×10〈sup〉13〈/sup〉 J s〈sup〉-1〈/sup〉 over the outer shelf. Over the inner shelf, the heat transport towards the Amery Ice Shelf reduces by ~18.15% from ~5.95×10〈sup〉13〈/sup〉 J s〈sup〉-1 〈/sup〉to ~4.87×10〈sup〉13〈/sup〉 J s〈sup〉-1〈/sup〉. Consequently, the temporally and spatially averaged basal melting rate of the Amery Ice Shelf reduces by ~13.04% from ~0.69 m yr〈sup〉-1〈/sup〉 to ~0.60 m yr〈sup〉-1〈/sup〉.

Language: English

Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject

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Multidecadal variability and decadal prediction of wintertime surface air temperature over the East Asian winter monsoon domain (2023)

Li, J. ; Xie, T. ; Tang, X. ; [et al.]

In: XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)

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Publication Date: 2023-05-22

Description: This study investigates the influence of the winter NAO on the multidecadal variability of winter East Asian surface air temperature (EASAT) and its decadal prediction. The observational analysis shows that the winter EASAT and East Asian minimum SAT (EAmSAT) display strong in-phase fluctuations and a significant 60–80-year multidecadal variability, apart from a long-term warming trend. The winter EASAT experienced a decreasing trend in the last two decades, which is conducive to the occurrence of winter extremely cold events in East Asia in recent years. The winter NAO leads the detrended winter EASAT by 12–18 years with a maximumly significant positive correlation at the leading time of 15 years. Further analysis shows that ENSO may affect winter EASAT interannual variability, but does not affect the robust leading relationship between the winter NAO and EASAT. We present the coupled oceanic-atmospheric bridge (COAB) mechanism of the NAO influences on winter EASAT multidecadal variability through its accumulated delayed effect of ~15 years on the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and Africa–Asia multidecadal teleconnection (AAMT) pattern. Based on the COAB mechanism an NAO-based linear model for predicting winter decadal EASAT is constructed, with good hindcast performance. The winter EASAT for 2020–2034 is predicted to keep on fluctuating downward until ~2025, implying a high probability of occurrence of extremely cold events in coming winters in East Asia, and then turn towards sharp warming. The predicted 2020/21 winter EASAT is almost the same as the 2019/20 winter.

Language: English

Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject

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A palaeoecological study investigating the impacts of multiple tephra depositions on a lacustrine ecosystem in Northeast China, using diatoms as environmental indicators (2023)

Deng, Y. ; Rioual, P. ; Jones, V. ; [et al.]

In: Journal of Paleolimnology

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Publication Date: 2023-04-27

Description: Tephra layers are common in lake sediments and although they have often been used as chronological controls, few studies have investigated the impacts of past tephra depositions on lake ecosystems (Tephropalaeoecology). For the first time we systematically assess how different types of tephra layers vary in their ecological impact on the same lacustrine system. We use a diatom-based tephropalaeoecological approach to infer the impacts of five tephra deposits on Lake Sihailongwan, a well-studied volcanic lake in Northeast China, over the past 30,000 years. The five tephra layers (including two micro-tephras) have varying thicknesses and were deposited in time periods with different climatic conditions. Changes in diatom communities and chrysophyte-cyst concentrations between pre- and post-tephra samples were used to infer changes in lake conditions and highlight the importance of lake background conditions in mediating the impact of tephra. While the two micro-tephra layers did not cause observable changes, the three thicker tephras induced pronounced changes in lake conditions and thus diatom communities. The two thick tephras deposited in more eutrophic and warmer lake conditions caused larger responses from diatoms. We argue that water-column phosphorus decreased due to reduced sediment–water-phosphorus loading as thick tephra layers formed an impermeable layer at the lake bottom. This is supported by a decrease in total diatom concentration and a decline in high phosphorus-requiring taxa such as Discostella stelligeroides and Stephanodiscus minutulus as well as modern limnological observations which showed that groundwater influxes from the lake bottom are the main source of nutrients to the lake. By contrast, the thick tephra deposited in more oligotrophic and colder lake conditions caused less conspicuous changes. When the lake was already low in phosphorus, diatoms did not respond to a further decline in phosphorus but rather responded to the minor increase in silica from the dissolution of tephra particles in the water column. This was inferred from the slight increases in overall diatom concentration and opportunistic taxa such as Pantocsekiella comensis f. minima. Diatom analysis of the post-tephra sediments above the three thick tephras showed that the aquatic ecosystem did not completely recover, indicating the long-lasting effects of these thick tephras and shifts to new lake-ecosystem equilibria.

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Comparison of static and cyclic fatigue of granite in laboratory hydraulic fracturing samples (2022)

Zhuang, L. ; Sun, C. ; Hofmann, H. ; [et al.]

In: Abstracts

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Publication Date: 2023-03-17

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Recovery of the first level altitude of radiosonde profiles (2023)

Wang, M. ; Li, Y. ; Han, J. ; [et al.]

In: XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)

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Publication Date: 2023-07-11

Description: Radiosondes observe pressure, temperature, humidity and wind at different height levels from the earth’s surface to the upper air. These observations are very useful to understand the dynamic process of weather and climate changes. There are several radiosonde archives, e.g. ‘University of Wyoming Atmospheric Science Radiosonde Archive’ and ‘Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive’, where the users can get the historical radiosonde data publicly. During the use of these data, we found that the altitudes of the first level of radiosonde data were not accurate for several stations (errors up to 〉1000 m). The inaccuracy of first level altitudes will affect the height-dependent studies and applications, and thus it is very important to check and correct the first level altitudes of radiosonde profiles. We presented a method to detect and recover the first level altitudes. We used the pressure, temperature, and relative humidity of both the first and second level and the altitude of the second level to estimate the first level height. Experiments show that the accuracies of the estimated heights are 2-3 m, which meets the requirement of most conventional applications. For some stations with inaccurate altitudes of the first level, we recovered their first level heights and used the recovered data to generated water vapor weighted mean temperature models for GNSS meteorology. The models generated from the recovered data are more accurate than those from original data. Since the implementation of this method does not need the support of external data, it is easy to use in practice.

Language: English

Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject

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Comparison of Fatigue Hydraulic Fracturing of Granite Cores Subjected to Creep and Cyclic Injection (2024)

Zhuang, L. ; Sun, C. ; Hofmann, H. ; [et al.]

In: Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering

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Publication Date: 2024-04-22

Description: Earlier experiments have shown that cyclic hydraulic fracturing (CHF) systematically reduces the monotonic breakdown pressure (MBP). However, cyclic injection also causes a significantly longer injection time to failure as compared to the monotonic injection tests and complex fracture propagation that is hard to predict. In this study, a different injection scheme employing rock fatigue behavior, named creep injection, was tested on granite cylinders. The creep injection creates continuous pressurization under a constant borehole pressure (CBP) with a pre-defined maximum value below the MBP. Three different pressure ratios (CBP/MBP) of 0.85, 0.9 and 0.95 were tested. We found that both the CHF and hydraulic fracturing with creep injection can reduce the breakdown pressure by ca. 15 ~ 20% without confining pressure. Two mechanisms could explain the reduction: the influence of fluid infiltration within the theory of linear poroelasticity and stress corrosion within the subcritical crack growth theory. The lifetime of the granite cores subjected to creep injection is comparable with previous CHF experiments employing the same pressure ratio. In addition, the lifetime increases logarithmically when the ratio of CBP/MBP is decreased. This relationship has a high regression coefficient of R2 = 0.97, and the lifetime can be well predicted using a stress corrosion index of 70. On the contrary, CHF shows a significantly larger variance in the lifetime with a regression coefficient of R2 = 0.19 and, therefore, is hard to predict. Our results also point out that the injection scheme can modify hydraulic fracture patterns, in terms of fracture aperture, branching, and fracture propagation.

Language: English

Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article

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