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  • 2020-2024  (11)
  • 1965-1969  (8)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The synthesis of dicarboxylie acids containing oxadiazole rings and polyamides derived from them (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 100 (1967), S. 91-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Neue Dicarbonsäuren, die ein oder zwei 1,3,4-Oxadiazol-Ringe im Molekül enthalten, wurden durch Reaktion zwischen Orthoestern und Säurehydraziden gebildet. Diese Dicarbonsäuren haben die folgenden Strukturen: und R = Phenylen oder Alkylen und n = 1-4Die Polyamide von p-Xylylendiamin mit diesen Dicarbonsäuren wurden ebenfalls hergestellt. Diese Polymeren sind unlöslich in m-Kresol, aber löslich in konz. Schwefelsäure. Die Schmelzpunkte dieser Polyamide liegen über 350deg;C. Mit aliphatischen Polyamiden wurden Copolyamide mit hohen Molgewichten erhalten.
    Notes: Novel dicarboxylic acids containing one or two 1,3,4-oxadiazole rings in a molecule were synthesized by the reaction between orthoesters and acid hydrazides These dicarboxylic acids have the following structures: and where R represents a phenylene or an alkylene group and n = 1-4.The polyamides from p-xylylenediamine with these dicarboxylic acids were also prepared. The polymers are generally insoluble in m-cresol but soluble in conc. sulfuric acid. The melting points were estimated at above 350°C. Copolyamides of high molecular weights with aliphatic polyamides were obtained.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1967.021000111
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  • 2
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    Characteristics of the intraseasonal oscillation in the equatorial mesosphere and lower thermosphere region revealed by satellite observation and global analysis (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-09
    Description: Climatological features of the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) in the equatorial mesosphere and lower thermosphere were analyzed using temperature data from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and global analysis data from a data assimilation using satellite observations, including the MLS, over 15 years. Based on spectral analyses, fluctuations with a period of 15–90 days were extracted as the ISO component. First, an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis was performed for the ISO components of the zonal mean temperature from the MLS in the region of 10°S–10°N, 68–85 km, where the ISO amplitudes are found to be maximized. The global structure of the ISO anomalies of temperature and zonal winds estimated assuming a gradient wind balance was examined by a regression analysis using the first and second principal EOFs. It is shown that the ISO phases propagate downward with a vertical wavelength of 25–30 km above a height of 60 km and that the ISO signal synchronized with the equatorial ISO is observed even in the middle and high latitude regions of both hemispheres. Second, the global analysis data were used to examine the driving mechanism of the ISO. It was confirmed that the time series of the equatorial ISO zonal mean zonal wind in the analysis agreed well with radar observations, which were not used for assimilation. Results suggest small-scale phenomena, such as gravity waves not necessarily represented in the parameterization and the meridional advection of angular momentum, mainly contribute to drive the ISO.
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Advances of the lattice Boltzmann methods (LBM) in tsunami modeling -present and future (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-12
    Description: The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is an alternative computational fluid dynamics to conventional approaches to solve macroscopic equations. Despite various successful applications in many engineering fields, the LBM for tsunami modeling is still under development. In this study, we present the recent advances of the LBM for tsunami modeling and discuss future development. Tsunami involves various scales of fluid dynamics. Therefore, tsunami simulation methods have to be a unified method that covers the whole process from its generation to inundation. To achieve this goal, we present and discuss (i) the three-dimensional (3D) nonstatic pressure free-surface model, (ii) the two-dimensional (2D) shallow water model, and (iii) the hybrid 2D-3D model by the LBM for tsunami modeling. First, we develop the volume of fluid (VOF) based free-surface model using the cumulant model in the 3D LBM. We demonstrate that the cumulant LBM accurately calculates the impact pressure acting on a structure in violent flow fields. Second, we develop a shallow water model by 2D LBM and apply it to simulate the 2011 tsunami off the Pacific coast caused by the Tohoku earthquake. We demonstrate that the 2D LBM reproduce the tsunami propagation and inundation with an accuracy equally as good as that of the finite difference method. Finally, we develop a coupling 2D-3D LBM method and apply it to dam-break flow. We demonstrate that the proposed method connects 2D and 3D models. Then, we conclude that the LBM is valuable for the unified tsunami modeling method and provide the future direction.
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Inertia gravity waves over Syowa Station ~Comparison between the PANSY radar and the ERA5 reanalysis~ (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-28
    Description: Our purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of sporadic and large amplitude gravity wave (GW) events that can have a large impact on the overall momentum transport, and also to investigate how well the reanalysis data reproduces the GW events in the Antarctic. We used the PANSY radar for the observation data and the ERA5 reanalysis for the reanalysis data. The PANSY radar, which was installed at Syowa Station (69°S,40°E) in 2011, observes vertical profiles of three-dimensional winds in the troposphere and lower stratosphere with high accuracy and fine temporal and vertical resolution (Sato et al., 2014). The ERA5 reanalysis is the latest meteorological reanalysis dataset provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. We use three dimensional winds of the PANSY radar and the ERA5 reanalysis during the period of October 2015 to September 2016, in which the PANSY radar was continuously operated (Minamihara et al.,2018). As a result, we found many similar wave-like structures between the PANSY radar and the ERA5 reanalysis. In order to examine the propagation characteristics of inertia-GWs, we use a hodograph analysis. Since the GWs are assumed to be quasi-monochromatic in the hodograph analysis, three dimensional winds are separated into components with upward and downward phase velocities by a two-dimensional Fourier transform. This procedure makes it possible to extract quasi-monochromatic GW events that were previously impossible to extract. We also investigate power spectra of momentum flux.
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Effects of mid-latitude SST fronts on the middle atmosphere through upward propagating atmospheric waves (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-28
    Description: Effects of mid-latitude Sea Surface Temperature (SST) fronts on the middle atmosphere were investigated by using the high-top MIROC AGCM. This model has horizontal and vertical resolutions of ~120km and 550 m, respectively, with model top of ~95 km. Non-orographic gravity wave parameterizations were not included. We have conducted two idealized experiments. One used the SST with realistic meridional gradients (control run), and the other did the SST with smoothing meridional gradients of mid-latitude SST front (no SST front run; NF run), similar to the previous study (e.g., Nakamura et al. 2008). Previous numerical experiments showed that mid-latitude SST fronts affect precipitation, heat fluxes, and baroclinic wave activities in the troposphere. Our model experiments further showed that more gravity waves were generated around baroclinic waves in the control run than the NF run, which propagate into the stratosphere and mesosphere. Wave momentum fluxes associated with these gravity waves are larger from the upper troposphere to ~0.03 hPa, resulting in larger westward forcing in the control run. Amplitudes of gravity waves in the NF run were smaller than those in the control run, and these waves tend to be dissipated at higher altitudes. Shapes of the zonal mean zonal winds including polar night jets are more realistic in the control run, indicating the SST fronts have impact on not only the troposphere but also on the middle atmosphere.
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Characteristics of seasonal and interannual variability in the global ocean heat content based on Argo observational data (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-04
    Description: The excess heat due to the global warming has already penetrated and stored to the mid- and deep ocean, based on a huge amount of recent Argo and other observational data (IPCC, 2021). An upward trend of ocean heat content (OHC) has also been shown from various data sets with error bars. However, the mechanisms of the warming slowdown called the hiatus period have not yet been fully understood, although oceanic influences are presumably considered to be a strong factor, based on studies using climate models and observational data. In order to elucidate the theme, capturing actual state of oceanic variability is crucial. In this study, we utilized Argo temperature data which has been accumulated for more than 20 years to make gridded data and attempted to statistically describe the characteristics of OHC variability during and after the hiatus period. The slowdown and subsequent increase in temperature rise noted in previous studies is also evident in the observed OHC variability, which is particularly similar in the tropics, North Pacific, and North Atlantic regions. In the Southern Hemisphere, on the other hand, the hiatus period seems to stop earlier, and warming begins.A similar trend is hardly seen at depths below 300 m. These characteristics indicate that the events occur mainly above the main thermocline and follows the temperature fluctuations more closely in the Northern Hemisphere. The detailed spatial distribution of OHC variability and seasonal variability will be presented in the session.
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Cloud physical processes inferred from space-borne cloud radar (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-12
    Description: Cloud radiative and microphysical properties, aerosols and vertical air motions will be observed by The Earth Clouds Aerosol and Radiation Explorer (JAXA/ESA) with a high-sensitivity W-band Doppler Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) and a 355 nm high spectral resolution Atmospheric Lidar (ATLID). Standard and research algorithms for cloud-precipitation have been developed to make the most of the new observation capabilities of the satellite that will be useful for understanding the interaction between cloud microphysics and in-cloud air motion. Overview of the active sensor-based algorithms prepared for the EarthCARE satellite mission, and applications of the methodologies to investigate the physical processes associated with clouds, precipitation and air-motion are discussed.
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Development of EarthCARE algorithms for the study of clouds, aerosol and radiation (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-12
    Description: We describe the JAXA algorithms and products from the Earth Clouds Aerosol and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE). EarthCARE is a joint mission by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) to understand clouds, aerosols and radiation. It will carry Doppler cloud profiling radar (CPR), atmospheric high spectral resolution lidar (ATLID), multi-le spectral imager (MSI) and broad band radiometer (BBR) JAXA EarthCARE algorithms have been extended from the algorithms for CloudSat, CALIPSO and MODIS to produce Kyushu (KU) products and JAXA EarthCARE A-train products. Doppler capability of CPR is expected to provide terminal velocity of cloud/precipitation particles and vertical air motion inside clouds. High spectral resolution lidar ATLID provides true backscattering coefficient, extinction coefficient and depolarization ratio. Theoretical studies have indicated that the two-dimensional diagram of lidar ratio and depolarization ratio is essential not only for aerosol components but for retrieving cloud particle shapes and orientations (Okamoto et al., 2019, 2020). Recently developed physical model (Sato et al., 2018) and vectorized physical model (Sato et al., 2019) can be used to take lidar multiple scattering into account for the interpretation of active sensor signals of optically thick clouds. Synergy of new observations with the theoretical improvements enables better estimation of radiative characteristics of cloud/precipitation/aerosol particles. Synergetic ground-based observation systems have been developed to evaluate the EarthCARE algorithms. It consists of Multi-Field-of-view Multiple Scattering Polarization Lidar, high spectral resolution lidar, direct and coherent Doppler lidars and high-sensitivity-cloud radar.
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Origins of gravity waves that influenced the elevated stratopause formation associated with the major SSW in 2018/19 (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-29
    Description: Sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are rapid down-welling in the stratosphere and mesosphere. Some SSWs also result in the elevated stratopause (ES) phenomenon - a descent and reformation of the stratopause at a higher-than-climatological altitude. SSW and ES can have a strong effect on stratospheric dynamics and chemistry (including ozone deplating compounds) and influence surface weather for months. The triggers of these phenomena are not sufficiently understood, but observations and modelling suggest that both planetary waves (PWs) and gravity waves (GWs) play a role. A recent study of Okui et al., 2021 (https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD034681) used the Japanese Atmospheric General circulation model for Upper Atmosphere Research (JAGUAR) to simulate ES formation during an SSW in the winter of 2018/19. Consecutive 4-day free runs of GW-permitting JAGUAR without GW parameterizations were used. The study showed that forcing due to GWs had a significant effect on the ES appearance that could not have been caused by purely vertical propagation of GWs from tropospheric sources, as most GW parametrizations assume. In this work, we ray-traced GWs in the aforementioned JAGUAR runs to identify their sources and thus better understand the processes that trigger SSW and ES. Individual GWs in the JAGUAR data were identified using 3-D small-volume wave fitting code (S3D) and used to initialize the GROGRAT ray-tracer. We found that ES was strongly influenced by secondary gravity waves originating from the stratosphere and that although oblique GW propagation played a role, few GWs propagating all the way from the surface contributed to ES formation.
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Origin of Magnetic Anisotropy Energy of Fe7S8and Fe7Se8 (1968)
    American Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 1968-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0021-8979
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7550
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics
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