ALBERT

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A lake, as a body of water, is in continuous interaction with the rocks and soils in its drainage basin, the atmosphere, and surface and groundwaters. Human industrial and agricultural activities introduce new inputs and processes into lake systems. This volume is a selection of ten contributions dealing with diverse aspects of lake systems, including such subjects as the geological controls of lake basins and their histories, mixing and circulation patterns in lakes, gaseous exchange between the water and atmosphere, and human input to lakes through atmospheric precipitation and surficial runoff. This work was written with a dual goal in mind: to serve as a textbook and to provide professionals with in-depth expositions and discussions of the more important aspects of lake systems.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. Preface -- 2. Improving the efficacy of biological control by ecostacking -- 3. Integrative biological control approaches in Chinese agriculture, Biodiversity enhancement for improving biological control -- 4. Perennial wildflower strips to enhance natural enemies of insect pests in Belgium -- 5. Flower strips for ecosytem services in Switzerland, Felix Herzog, Agroscope, Zurich Switzerland -- 6. Enhancement of natural control functioning of rice insect pests by manipulating biodiversity in rice-based ecosystems -- 7. Cover crops enhance biological control of insect pests in apple orchards in China -- 8. Enhancement of natural control function in aphids by intercropping and infochemical releasers in wheat ecosystem -- 9. Crop diversity and disease control,Specific techniques to enhance ecostacking -- 10. Ecological enhancement of arthropod natural enemy application in biological control -- 11. Chemical ecology of egg parasitoids in crop protection -- 12. Current knowledge on the migratory moth Autographa gamma as basis for future chemo-ecological research -- 13. The development of biocontrol products and their applications in the field -- 14. Effects of insecticides on pollen beetles (Brassicogethes aeneus) and their tersilochine parasitoids in Germany -- 15. How microbiome approaches can assist market development for biological control -- 16. Successful use of entomopathogenic nematodes to control a defoliator outbreak in an environmentally sensitive area -- 17. Bees and medicinal plants -- 18. Climate change implications -- 19. Night warming on predator-prey interactions: implications for biological control -- 20. Landscape-level drivers of biocontrol and case study from local to regional scale under climate change in China -- 21. Spotted Wing Drosophila-blueberry interactions.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Part I:Biochemistry/Structural Biology – Enzymes -- Chapter 1: Cyclic Dinucleotide Signaling In Mycobacteria -- Chapter 2: Structure and regulation of EAL domain proteins -- Chapter 3: Insights into the molecular basis of biofilm dispersal from crystal structures of di-domain containing proteins -- Chapter 4: Structure and function of HD-GYP phosphodiesterases -- Chapter 5: A unified catalytic mechanism for c-di-NMP hydrolysis by DHH/DHHA1 phosphodiesterases -- Chapter 6: Enzymatic degradation of linear dinucleotide intermediates of cyclic dinucleotides -- Part II:Biochemistry/Structural Biology – Receptors -- Chapter 7: Detection of cyclic dinucleotide binding proteins -- Chapter 8: Non-canonical c-di-GMP binding modes -- Part III:Biochemistry/Structural Biology – Sensing -- Chapter 9: Sensory domains that control cyclic di-GMP-modulating proteins: a critical frontier in bacterial signal transduction -- Part IV:Cyclic di-AMP biochemistry and physiology -- Chapter 10: Metabolic regulation by cyclic di-AMP signaling -- Chapter 11: Osmoregulation via cyclic-di-AMP signaling -- Part V:Population diversity -- Chapter 12: Measuring individual cell c-di-GMP: Identifying population diversity and c-di-GMP heterogeneity.-Part VI:Cyclic di-GMP and exopolysaccharide regulation -- Chapter 13: Activation of bacterial cellulose biosynthesis by cyclic-di-GMP -- Chapter 14: The Regulation of Alginate Biosynthesis viaC-di-GMPSignaling -- Part VII:Environmental bacteria -- Chapter 15: Cyclic di-GMP Signaling in Bacillus subtilis -- Chapter 16: C-di-GMP signaling systems in the Gram-positive Bacillus cereus group -- Chapter 17: Cyclic-di-AMP in Bacillus subtilisbiofilm formation.-Chapter 18: Regulation by c-di-GMP in Myxococcusxanthus -- Chapter 19: Light-regulated nucleotidesecond messenger signalingin cyanobacteria -- Chapter 20: C-di-GMP-dependent regulation of antibiotic biosynthesis in Lysobacter -- Chapter 21: Cyclic di-GMP signalingin extreme acidophilic bacteria -- Part VIII:Pathogens -- Chapter 22: Signals modulating cyclic di-GMP pathways in Vibrio cholera -- Chapter 23: Cyclic di-GMP regulation of gene expression -- Chapter 24: Cyclic di-GMP signaling in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium -- Chapter 25: Cyclic di-GMP signaling in the phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris -- Chapter 26: Cyclic di-AMP in Mycobacterium tuberculosis -- Chapter 27: Cyclic di-AMP signaling in Streptococcus pneumonia -- Part IX:Gram-negative bacteria -- Chapter 28: Regulation of cyclic-di-GMP signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa -- Chapter 29: Unconventional Cyclic di-GMPSignalling in Escherichia coli -- Chapter 30: Cyclic di-GMP in Burkholderia spp -- Chapter 31: Cyclic di-GMP and the regulation of biofilm dispersion -- Part X:Cyclic di-GMP signaling in eukaryotes -- Chapter 32: Cyclic-di-GMP activates adenylate cyclase A and protein kinase A to induce stalk formationin Dictyostelium -- Part XI:Interference Strategies -- Chapter 33: Targeting cyclic di-nucleotide signaling with small molecules -- Part XII:Novel cyclic di-nucleotides -- Chapter 34: Cyclic di-GMP signaling gone astray: cGAMP signaling via Hypr GGDEF and HD-GYP enzymes -- Chapter 35: Microbial cyclic GMP-AMP signaling pathways.-Part XIII:Honorary cyclic nucleotides -- Chapter 36: 2’,3’-cyclic mononucleotide metabolism and possible roles in bacterial physiology -- Part XIV:Horizontal gene transfer -- Chapter 37: Horizontal transfer of c-di-GMP associated genes. Theoretical underpinnings and future perspectives.-Part XV:Conclusion -- Chapter 38: Conclusion. .

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Preface -- List of symbols -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Descriptive Models -- 3. Carbon Balance -- 4. Tree Structure -- 5. Carbon Balance and Structure -- 6. Competition -- 7. Tree structure revisited: Eco-evolutionary models -- 8. Predicting stand growth: parameters, drivers and modular inputs -- 9. Calibration -- 10. Applications and future outlook -- Solutions to Exercises -- References -- Author Index -- Index.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Chapter 1.Genetic tinkering of crops for sustainable development – 2020 and Beyond -- Chapter 2.Genetic improvement of rice for food and nutritional security 3.Improvement of wheat (Triticum spp.) through gene manipulation -- Chapter 4. Transgenic finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] for crop improvement -- Chapter 5. Transgenic pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L). Millsp.] -- Chapter 6. Genetically engineered chickpea: Potential of an orphan legume to achieve food and nutritional security by 2050 -- Chapter 7. Progress in genetic engineering of cowpea for insect pest and virus resistance -- Chapter 8. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) transgenic plants for abiotic stress tolerance -- Chapter 9. Genetic engineering of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) for important agronomic traits -- Chapter 10. Genetic engineering in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.): Retrospect and prospect -- Chapter 11. Nutritional value, in vitro regeneration and development of transgenic Cucurbita pepo and C. maxima for stress tolerance: An overview -- Chapter 12. Sugarcane transgenics: Developments and opportunities .

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Chapter 1. Bacteriophages, a Brief Introduction -- Chapter 2. A Closer Overview of Phage Infections -- Chapter 3.Evolutionary Biology Basics -- Chapter 4. Brief Introduction to Phage Ecology -- Chapter 5.Bacterial Mutation Associated with Phages: Insertions -- Chapter 6. Bacterial Mutation Associated with Phages: Deletions -- Chapter 7. Genetic Drift and Phages -- Chapter 8. Phages and Asexual Bacterial Populations -- Chapter 9.Phage Impact on Non-Random Mating Among Bacteria -- Chapter 10. Genetic Migration and Phages -- Chapter 11. Bacterial Reproductive Isolation and Its Violation by Phages -- Chapter 12. Phage-Provided Environmental DNA and Superspreading -- Chapter 13. Transduction of Large Amounts of DNA -- Chapter 14. Phage Morons -- Chapter 15. Why Lysogenic Conversion? -- Chapter 16. Prophages Preventing Phage Superinfection -- Chapter 17. Domestication of Phage Genes -- Chapter 18.Resistance to Phages, Part I: Overview -- Chapter 19. Resistance to Phages, Part II: Bacteria Live! -- Chapter 20.Resistance to Phages, Part III: Bacteria Die..-Chapter 21. Bacterial Mutation to Phage Resistance -- Chapter 22. Pleiotropic Costs of Phage Resistance -- Chapter 23. Concepts of Natural Selection in Light of Phage Exposure -- Chapter 24. Frequency-Dependent Selection in Light of Phage Exposure -- Chapter 25. A Primer on Phage-Bacterium Antagonistic Coevolution.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Modeling in Biomechanics 1 -- 1.1 The different perspectives 2 -- 1.1.1 The engineering approach 2 -- 1.1.2 The clinical approach 2 -- 1.1.3 The pre- clinical approaches 2 -- 1.2 Opportunities and challenges 2 -- 1.3 Statistical analysis 3 -- 1.3.1 Probability distributions 4 -- 1.3.2 Hypothesis testing 7 -- 1.3.3 Correlation amongst variables 9 -- 1.3.4 Regression modeling 10 -- 1.3.5 Mean difference test 13 -- 1.3.6 Study design 14 -- 1.4 Model definition 16 -- 1.5 Model development and testing 17 -- 1.5.1 Sensitivity analysis 17 -- 1.5.3 Validation 21 -- 1.6 Case study: Biomechanical Rupture Risk Assessment (BRRA) 21 -- 1.6.1 Short comings of the current AAA risk assessment 21 -- 1.6.2 Intended Model Application (IMA) 21 -- 1.6.3 Failure hypothesis 22 -- 1.6.4 Work flow and diagnostic information 22 -- 1.6.5 Key modeling assumptions 23 -- 1.6.6 Clinical validation 24 -- 1.7 Summary and conclusion 25 -- Appendix: Biomechanics Modeling 27 -- A.1 Definitions and terminology in statistics 27 -- 2 The circulatory system 29 -- 2.1 Physiology 29 -- 2.1.1 Vascular system 29 -- 2.1.2 Key concepts 31 -- 2.1.3 Cells in the vascular system 32 -- 2.1.4 Macrocirculation 33 -- 2.1.5 Lymphatic system 37 -- 2.1.6 Microcirculation 38 -- 2.1.7 Hemodynamic regulation 41 -- 2.2 Mechanical system properties 42 -- 2.2.1 Vascular pressure 43 -- 2.2.2 Vascular flow 44 -- 2.2.3 Vascular resistance 45 -- 2.2.4 Transcapillary transport 45 -- 2.3 Modeling the macrocirculation 45 -- 2.3.1 Windkessel (WK) models 46 -- 2.3.2 Vessel network modeling 57 -- 2.4 Modeling the Microcirculation 63 -- 2.4.1 Transcapillary concentration difference 63 -- 2.4.2 Filtration 65 -- 2.5 Summary and conclusion 70 -- Appendix: Mathematical preliminaries 72 -- A.1 Complex numbers 72 -- A.2 Fourier series approximation 72 -- Appendix: Basic circuit elements 73 -- B.1 Resistor element 73 -- B.2 Capacitor element 73 -- B.3 Inductor element 74 -- Appendix: Transport mechanisms 74 -- C.1 Diffusion 74 -- C.2 Advection 75 -- Appendix: Osmosis 75 -- D.1 Osmotic pressure 75 -- D.2 Transport across semipermeable membranes 76 -- 3 Continuum Mechanics 77 -- 3.1 Kinematics 78 -- 3.1.1 Deformation gradient 78 -- 3.1.2 Multiplicative decomposition 79 -- 3.1.3 Polar decomposition 79 -- 3.1.4 Deformation of the line element 79 -- 3.1.5 Deformation of the volume element 80 -- 3.1.6 Deformation of the area element 80 -- 3.1.7 Concept of strain 81 -- 3.2 Concept of stress 85 -- 3.2.1 Cauchy stress theorem 86 -- 3.2.2 Principal stresses 87 -- 3.2.3 Isochoric and volumetric stress 89 -- 3.2.4 Octahedral stress and von Mises stress 89 -- 3.2.5 Cauchy stress in rotated coordinates 91 -- 3.2.6 First Piola-Kirchhoff stress 91 -- 3.2.7 Second Piola-Kirchhoff stress 92 -- 3.2.8 Implication of material incompressibility on the stress state 93 -- 3.3 Material time derivatives 94 -- 3.3.1 Kinematic variables 94 -- 3.3.2 Stress rates 95 -- 3.3.3 Power-conjugate stress and strain rates 96 -- 3.4 Constitutive modeling 97 -- 3.4.1 Some mechanical properties of materials 97 -- 3.4.2 Linear elastic material 100 -- 3.4.3 Hyperelasticity 102 -- 3.4.4 Viscoelasticity 105 -- 3.5 Governing laws 113 -- 3.5.1 Mass balance 114 -- 3.5.2 Balance of linear momentum 116 -- 3.5.3 Maxwell transport and localization 118 -- 3.5.4 Thermodynamic principles 119 -- 3.6 General principles 125 -- 3.6.1 Free body diagram 125 -- 3.6.2 Initial Boundary Value Problem 126 -- 3.6.3 Principle of Virtual -- 3.7 Damage and failure 129 -- 3.7.1 Physical consequences 129 -- 3.7.2 Strain localization 130 -- 3.7.3 Linear Fracture Mechanics 132 -- 3.7.4 J -- Integral 133 -- 3.7.5 Cohesive zone modeling 133 -- 3.8 Multiphasic continuum theories 134 -- 3.8.1 Mixture theory 134 -- 3.8.2 Poroelasticity theory 134 -- 3.9 Summary and conclusion 135 -- Appendix: Mathematical preliminaries 136 -- A.1 Laplace and Fourier transforms 136 -- A.2 Matrix algebra 136 -- A.2.1 Trace of a matrix 137 -- A.2.2 Identity matrix 137 -- A.2.3 Determinant of a matrix 137 -- A.2.4 Inverse and orthogonal matrix 138 -- A.2.5 Linear vector transform 138 -- A.2.6 Eigenvalue problem 138 -- A.2.7 Relation between the trace and the eigenvalues 139 -- A.2.8 Cayley-Hamilton theorem 139 -- A.3 Vector algebra 140 -- A.3.1 Basic vector operations 140 -- A.3.2 Coordinate transformation 142 -- A.4 Tensor algebra 144 -- A.4.1 Spherical tensor 144 -- A.4.2 Tensor operations 145 -- A.4.3 Invariants of second-order tensors 145 -- A.5 Vector and tensor calculus 146 -- A.5.1 Local changes of field variables 146 -- A.5.2 Divergence theorem 147 -- Appendix: Some useful Laplace and Fourier transforms 148 -- B.1 Laplace transforms 148 -- B.2 Fourier transforms 150 -- Appendix: Some useful tensor relations 151 -- 4 Conduit vessels 153 -- 4.1 Histology and morphology of the vessel wall 154 -- 4.1.1 Layered vessel wall organization 154 -- 4.1.2 Differences between arteries and veins 155 -- 4.1.3 Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM) 156 -- 4.1.4 Cells 157 -- 4.2 Mechanical properties and experimental observations 158 -- 4.2.1 Aorta 160 -- 4.2.2 Carotid artery 161 -- 4.2.3 Coronary artery 162 -- 4.2.4 Iliac artery 163 -- 4.3 Vascular diseases 163 -- 4.3.1 Diagnostic examinations 164 -- 4.3.2 Atherosclerosis 165 -- 4.3.3 Biomechanical factors in atherosclerosis 167 -- 4.3.4 Carotid artery disease 169 -- 4.3.5 Coronary heart disease 171 -- 4.3.6 Aneurysm disease 172 -- 4.4 Vascular adaptation 174 -- 4.5 Constitutive descriptions 175 -- 4.5.1 Capacity of a vessel segment 176 -- 4.5.2 Hyperelasticity for incompressible solids 177 -- 4.5.3 Purely phenomenological descriptions 178 -- 4.5.4 Histo-mechanical descriptions 183 -- 4.5.5 General theory of fibrous connective tissue 185 -- 4.5.6 Residual stress and load -- free configuration 188 -- 4.5.7 Visco-elastic descriptions 189 -- 4.5.8 Damage and failure descriptions 191 -- 4.5.9 Non-passive vessel wall properties 194 -- 4.6 Identification of constitutive parameters 194 -- 4.6.1 Analytical vessel wall models 197 -- 4.6.2 Optimization problem 199 -- 4.7 Case study: Wall stress analysis of the normal and aneurysmatic -- infrarenal aorta 205 -- 4.7.1 the analysis type 205 -- 4.7.2 Setting the boundary conditions- Dirichlet boundary 205 -- 4.7.3 Setting the loading conditions - Neuman boundary 205 -- 4.7.4 Setting the vascular wall properties 206 -- 4.7.5 Setting the output options 206 -- 4.8 Summary and Conclusion 206 -- Appendix: Protocol experimental vessel wall testing 208 -- A.1 Tissue harvesting and sample preparation 208 -- A.2 Test protocol definition and data recording 208 -- A.3 Acquired -- x CONTENTS -- 5 Blood flow 211 -- 5.1 Blood composition 211 -- 5.1.1 Erythrocyte (or red blood cell) 212 -- 5.1.2 Leukocyte (or white blood cell) 212 -- 5.1.3 Thrombocyte (or platelet) 213 -- 5.1.4 Plasma 213 -- 5.2 Forces acting at blood particles 214 -- 5.2.1 Drag force 214 -- 5.2.2 Gravitational and inertia forces 214 -- 5.2.3 Forces related to fluid pressure 214 -- 5.2.4 Forces related to fluid velocity and shear stress 215 -- 5.2.5 Forces arising from collisions 216 -- 5.2.6 Chemical and electrical forces 216 -- 5.2.7 Segregation of blood particles 218 -- 5.3 Blood rheology modeling 218 -- 5.3.1 Alteration of blood microstructure with the shear rate 218 -- 5.3.2 Modeling generalized Newtonian fluids 219 -- 5.3.3 Single-phase viscosity models for blood 220 -- 5.3.4 Composition-based viscosity models for blood 221 -- 5.4 Blood damage 224 -- 5.5 Description of incompressible flows 224 -- 5.5.1 Energy conservation 224 -- 5.5.2 Linear momentum conservation 226 -- 5.6 Blood flow phenomena 232 -- 5.6.1 Laminar and turbulent flow 232 -- 5.6.2 Boundary layer flow 233 -- 5.6.3 Blood flow through circular tubes 233 -- 5.6.4 Multi-dimensional flow phenomena 234 -- 5.7 Case study: Wall Shear Stress (WSS) analysis of the normal and -- aneurysmatic infrarenal aorta 236 -- 5.7.1 Setting the analysis type 236 -- 5.7.2 Setting the boundary conditions -Dirichlet boundary 236 -- 5.7.3 Setting the loading conditions -Neuman boundary 237 -- 5.7.4 Setting the blood rheological properties 237 -- 5.7.5 Setting the output options 237 -- 5.8 Summary and conclusion 238 -- Appendix: Mathematical preliminaries 239 -- 6 The vascular wall, an active entity 241 -- 6.1 Vasoreactivity 242 -- 6.1.1 Structure of contractile SMC 242 -- 6.1.2 SMC contraction regulation 243 -- 6.2 Arteriogenesis 243 -- 6.3 Angiogenesis 244 -- 6.4 Damage, healing and failure 244 -- 6.5 Modeling frameworks 244 -- 6.5.1 Open system governing laws 245 -- 6.5.2 Kinematics-based growth description 246 -- 6.5.3 Tensorial distribution of volume growth 248 -- 6.5.4 Homeostatic growth 249 -- 6.5.5 Continues turnover-based growth description 252 -- 6.5.6 Other formulations 256 -- 6.5.7 Applications of growth descriptions 257 -- 6.6 Conclusion and Discussion 258 -- 6.7 Applications 259 -- 6.7.1 Tensile testing the passive and active vessel wall 259 -- 6.7.2 Biaxially loaded vessel wall patch 260 -- 6.7.3 Ring testing of vessel segments 262 -- References 265 -- Problem Solutions 287 -- Index 373.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Part 1: Emerging Respiratory Viral diseases -- Chapter 1. Factors Contributing to the Emergence of Viral Diseases -- Chapter 2. An updated review on Influenza viruses -- Chapter 3. Avian Influenza: A Potential Threat to Human Health -- Chapter 4. 2019 Novel CoronaVirus -- Chapter 5. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome associated Corona Virus -- Chapter 6. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus -- Chapter 7. Respiratory syncytial Virus -- Chapter 8. Human Bocavirus -- Chapter 9. Measles: The disease that refuses to be vanquished.-Part 2: Haemorrhagic Fever Viral Infections -- Chapter 10. Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers -- Chapter 11. Emerging Arbo viral infections -- Chapter 12. Dengue haemorrhagic fever: A resurgent arboviruses in human -- Chapter 13. Crimean- Congo haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) Virus -- Chapter 14. Ebola Virus Disease: An emerging lethal disease in Africa -- Chapter 15. Hantaviruses as emergent Zoonoses: A global threat -- Chapter 16. Kyasanur Forest Disease – A neglected zoonotic disease of India -- Chapter 17. An imminence to humans and animals: The Rift Valley Fever Virus -- Chapter 18. Yellow Fever: An old scourge with new threats -- Chapter 19. Lassa Fever: An Emerging Immunodeficiency and Oncogenic Viral Infection -- Chapter 20. Lujo hemorrhagic fever -- Chapter 21. Chapare hemorrhagic fever -- Chapter 22. Bas-Congo tibrovirus -- Part 3: Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections -- Chapter 23. Rapid diagnostic of emerging human viral pathogens: Lessons learnt from COVID-19 pandemic -- Chapter 24. Novel Diagnostic methods for emerging Respiratory Viral Infection.-Chapter 25. Evolution of Viral Diagnostics: a peek into time.