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  • Springer  (130)
  • Oxford University Press  (64)
  • 2020-2024  (2)
  • 2000-2004  (192)
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  • 1
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    Quantum Computing for the Quantum Curious (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This open access book makes quantum computing more accessible than ever before. A fast-growing field at the intersection of physics and computer science, quantum computing promises to have revolutionary capabilities far surpassing “classical” computation. Getting a grip on the science behind the hype can be tough: at its heart lies quantum mechanics, whose enigmatic concepts can be imposing for the novice. This classroom-tested textbook uses simple language, minimal math, and plenty of examples to explain the three key principles behind quantum computers: superposition, quantum measurement, and entanglement. It then goes on to explain how this quantum world opens up a whole new paradigm of computing. The book bridges the gap between popular science articles and advanced textbooks by making key ideas accessible with just high school physics as a prerequisite. Each unit is broken down into sections labelled by difficulty level, allowing the course to be tailored to the student’s experience of math and abstract reasoning. Problem sets and simulation-based labs of various levels reinforce the concepts described in the text and give the reader hands-on experience running quantum programs. This book can thus be used at the high school level after the AP or IB exams, in an extracurricular club, or as an independent project resource to give students a taste of what quantum computing is really about. At the college level, it can be used as a supplementary text to enhance a variety of courses in science and computing, or as a self-study guide for students who want to get ahead. Additionally, readers in business, finance, or industry will find it a quick and useful primer on the science behind computing’s future.
    Keywords: Quantum Physics ; Quantum Computing ; Computer Science, general ; Science Education ; Quantum Information Technology, Spintronics ; Computer Science ; Spintronics ; Open Access ; Introduction to quantum computing ; quantum computing textbook ; quantum computing for high school students ; introduction to quantum cryptography ; quantum gates ; quantum algorithms ; quantum superposition ; what is a qubit? ; quantum key distribution ; Quantum physics (quantum mechanics & quantum field theory) ; Mathematical theory of computation ; Teaching of a specific subject ; Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHP Particle and high-energy physics ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNU Teaching of a specific subject
    Language: English
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    E-BOOK
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Depth of modular invariant rings (2000)
    Springer
    Transformation groups 5 (2000), S. 21-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-586X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is well-known that the ring of invariants associated to a non-modular representation of a finite group is Cohen-Macaulay and hence has depth equal to the dimension of the representation. For modular representations the ring of invariants usually fails to be Cohen-Macaulay and computing the depth is often very difficult. In this paper1 we obtain a simple formula for the depth of the ring of invariants for a family of modular representations. This family includes all modular representations of cyclic groups. In particular, we obtain an elementary proof of the celebrated theorem of Ellingsrud and Skjelbred [6].
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01237176
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Class I and class II MHC bind self peptide sets that are strikingly different in their evolutionary characteristics (2000)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 51 (2000), S. 8-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Antigen presentation ; Autoimmune disease ; Evolution ; MHC ; Self peptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Comparison of peptides eluted from human class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and the proteins from which they are derived (source proteins) revealed that class I MHC bind peptides derived from proteins that are highly conserved, hydrophilic, and universally expressed, while the peptides themselves are hydrophobic and even more conserved than their source proteins. In contrast, source proteins for class II-bound peptides were not significantly more conserved than a random sample of proteins. Class II-bound peptides were generally more conserved than their source proteins but were significantly less conserved than class I-bound peptides. The characteristics of class I-bound peptides can probably be explained by the selectivity of processing and transport of peptides for binding by class I, while the relative lack of selectivity of peptide binding for class II may explain the high incidence of autoimmune diseases associated with alleles of these molecules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510050002
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Manipulation of cold atoms by an adaptable magnetic reflector (2000)
    Springer
    Applied physics 70 (2000), S. 709-720 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: PACS: 32.80.Pj; 03.75.Be; 39.10.+J
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Adaptive optics for cold atoms has been experimentally realized by applying a bias magnetic field to a static magnetic mirror. The mirror consist of a 12-mm-diameter piece of commercial videotape, having a sine wave of wavelength 25.4 μm recorded in a single track across its width, curved to form a concave reflector with radius of curvature R=54 mm. We have studied the performance of the mirror by monitoring the evolution of a 24 μK cloud of 85Rb atoms bouncing on it. A uniform static external magnetic field was added to the mirror field causing a corrugated potential from which the atoms bounce with increased angular spread. The characteristic angular distribution of the surface normal is mapped at the peak of the bounce for atoms dropped from a height of R/2 and at the peak of the second bounce for a drop height of R/4. In a second experiment a time-dependent magnetic field was applied and the angular distribution of the cloud was measured as a function of field frequency. In this scheme we demonstrate a corrugated potential whose time-dependent magnitude behaves like a diffraction grating of variable depth. Finally a rotating field was added to generate a corrugated potential that moves with a velocity given by the product of the external field rotation frequency and the videotape wavelength. This travelling grating provides a new method of manipulation as cold atoms are transported across the surface by surfing along the moving wave. Two theoretical methods have been developed to predict the behaviour of atoms reflecting from these stationary, variable magnitude and moving corrugated potentials. A simple analytic theory provides excellent agreement for reflection from a stationary corrugated potential and gives good agreement when extended to the case of a travelling grating. A Monte Carlo simulation was also performed by brute force numeric integration of the equations of motion for atoms reflecting from all three corrugated potential cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003400050885
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large Eddy Simulation and the variational multiscale method (2000)
    Springer
    Computing and visualization in science 3 (2000), S. 47-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0369
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract. A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) formulation is developed from the variational multiscale method. Modeling is confined to the effect of a small-scale Reynolds stress, in contrast with classical LES in which the entire subgrid-scale stress is modeled. All other effects are accounted for exactly. It is argued that many shortcomings of the classical LES/constant-coefficient Smagorinsky model are eliminated by the scale separation inherent ab initio in the present approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007910050051
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Finite Element Modelling of Failure of a Multi-Material Target due to High Velocity Space Debris Impacts (2000)
    Springer
    Space debris 2 (2000), S. 41-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9664
    Keywords: element erosion ; failure criteria ; high velocity impacts ; non-linear finite elements ; space debris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Lagrangian finite element methods have been used extensively in the past to study the non-linear transient behaviour of materials, ranging from crash tests of cars to simulating bird strikes on planes. However, as this type of space discretisation does not allow for motion of the material through the mesh when modelling extremely large deformations, the mesh becomes highly distorted. This paper describes some limitations and applicability of this type of analysis for high velocity impacts. A method for dealing with this problem by the erosion of elements is proposed, where the main driver is the definition of element failure strains. Results were compared with empirical perforation results and were found to be in good agreement. The results were then used to simulate high velocity impacts upon a multi-layered aluminium target in order to predict a ballistic limit curve. LS-DYNA3D was used as the FE solver for all simulations. Meshes were generated using Truegrid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015698307894
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Residual fructose and osmolality affect the levels of pneumocandins B0 and C0 produced by Glarea lozoyensis (2000)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 54 (2000), S. 814-818 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A high total pneumocandin titer (B0 + C0) with a low percentage of the structural isomer pneumocandin C0 was achieved by carrying out fermentations of Glarea lozoyensis at a high residual fructose concentration (125 g/l initial). When the fermentation was carried out at a low residual fructose concentration (40 g/l initial), pneumocandin production increased by 34%. However, a disproportionate increase in the level of pneumocandin C0 synthesized (250% increase vs 30% increase for pneumocandin B0) was observed. Midcycle addition of 150 mM NaCl or 116 mM Na2SO4 to low residual fructose fermentations returned the titer and isomer levels to those seen for the high residual fructose fermentation. The increase in pneumocandin C0 synthesis under low residual fructose conditions appears to be linked to the increase in the synthesis of trans-4 hydroxyproline, with the synthesis of trans-3 hydroxyproline remaining unaffected. This suggests that the formation of pneumocandin C0 is the result of a misincorporation of trans-4 hydroxyproline instead of trans-3 hydroxyproline by the pneumocandin peptide synthetase, and that the amount of trans-4 hydroxyproline formed dictates the frequency of this misincorporation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530000447
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Metallic Surface Corrosion Study in Aqueous NaCl Solutions Using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) (2000)
    Springer
    The chemical educator 5 (2000), S. 8-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We report an upper-division undergraduate solid-state materials chemistry experiment involving the pit and crevice corrosion of a copper surface caused by an aqueous NaCl solution simulating a seawater environment. Surface corrosion of the copper can be shown quite dramatically using atomic force microscopy (AFM) within only hours of exposure to the saline solution. The copper surfaces can also be treated with an alkanethiol solution to form a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on the surface. When exposed to the salt-water solution, the SAM layer is shown by AFM to protect the surface from corrosion. We have also shown that several different AFM analysis methods are needed to adequately quantify the surface features including roughness and power spectral density. This experiment enables students to not only see how AFM can be used to observe changes in surface morphology, but also learn to develop an understanding of the analysis techniques used to quantify AFM data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00897990350a
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Risedronate Treatment on Bone Density and Vertebral Fracture in Patients on Corticosteroid Therapy (2000)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 67 (2000), S. 277-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Corticosteroid — Risedronate — Calcium — Vitamin D — BMD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Men and women (n = 518) receiving moderate-to-high doses of corticosteroids were enrolled in two studies with similar protocols and randomly assigned to receive either placebo or risedronate (2.5 or 5 mg) for 1 year. All patients received daily calcium supplementation (500–1000 mg), and most also received supplemental vitamin D (400 IU). The primary endpoint was the difference between the placebo and active groups in lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) at 1 year; changes in BMD at other sites, biochemical markers of bone turnover, and the incidence of vertebral fractures were also assessed. In the overall population, the mean (SE) lumbar spine BMD increased 1.9 ± 0.38% from baseline in the risedronate 5 mg group (P 〈 0.001) and decreased 1.0 ± 0.4% in the placebo group (P= 0.005). BMD at the femoral neck, trochanter, and distal radius increased or was maintained with risedronate 5 mg treatment, but decreased in the placebo group. Midshaft radius BMD did not change significantly in either treatment group. The difference in BMD between the risedronate 5 mg and placebo groups was significant at all skeletal sites (P 〈 0.05) except the midshaft radius at 1 year. The 2.5 mg dose also had a positive effect on BMD, although of a lesser magnitude than that seen with risedronate 5 mg. A significant reduction of 70% in vertebral fracture risk was observed in the risedronate 5 mg group compared with the placebo group (P= 0.01). Risedronate was efficacious in both men and women, irrespective of underlying disease and duration of corticosteroid therapy, and had a favorable safety profile, with a similar incidence of upper gastrointestinal adverse events in the placebo and active treatment groups. Daily treatment with risedronate 5 mg significantly increases BMD and decreases vertebral fracture risk in patients receiving moderate-to-high doses of corticosteroid therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002230001146
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Associations of the Collagen Type Iα1 Sp1 Polymorphism with Five-Year Rates of Bone Loss in Older Adults (2000)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 66 (2000), S. 268-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The collagen type Iα1 Sp1 (ColIA1) polymorphism has been associated with reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and increased prevalence of osteoporosis. This study examines associations of the ColIA1 genotype with BMD and 5-year rates of change in BMD in elderly men and women. The 243 subjects, aged 65 years and older, were participants in two consecutive studies lasting a total of 5-years. BMD of the total body, femoral neck, and lumbar spine were made by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The distribution of the genotypes (155 in the SS genotype, 79 in Ss, and 9 in ss) was proportionately similar to those reported by others. Baseline BMD did not differ significantly at any skeletal site. Unadjusted 5-year percent changes in BMD differed significantly by genotype only at the total body (P= 0.009), where the change was −0.29 ± 0.21 (SEM) in the SS genotype, −0.60 ± 0.25 in the Ss genotype, and −3.01 ± 0.72 in the ss genotype. This 9.4% increase in bone loss of the ss genotype relative to the SS genotype was reduced to an 8.9% increase after adjustment for sex, age, weight, and supplementation group. Results at the femoral neck were directionally similar, but not statistically significant. No effect of genotype on change in spine BMD was observed. In conclusion, bone loss from the total body was significantly greater in elderly men and women who were homozygous for the s allele compared with heterozygotes and SS homozygotes. This finding suggests a possible explanation for the association of the ColIA1 polymorphism with increased rates of osteoporotic fracture, but should be interpreted with caution because of the small number of subjects in the unfavorable ss genotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00005842
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