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  • 1
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    Co-occurring grassland species vary in their responses to fine-scale soil heterogeneity (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-27
    Description: Questions How does fine-scale soil heterogeneity impact on co-occurring species? Which species are advantaged in heterogeneous soils? Location Greenhouse experiment using European grassland species, University of Tartu, Estonia. Methods We grew plant assemblages consisting of 15 species in five soil treatments – comprising three spatially uniform fertility levels (low, medium or high) and two heterogeneous conditions created using checkerboard combinations of low- and high-fertility patches at two spatial scales (6.25 × 6.25 cm or 12.5 × 12.5 cm patches, overall medium fertility). We compared species responses (above-ground biomass) between heterogeneous and homogeneous treatments. Additionally, we compared species responses within low-fertility patches in heterogeneous treatments to the homogeneous treatment of the same fertility. Results Larger, dominant species were advantaged in heterogeneous compared to homogeneous conditions (with the same or lower overall fertility), whereas the growth and survival of smaller, subordinate species was reduced. Larger, dominant species also had increased above-ground biomass within the low-fertility patches in heterogeneous compared to homogeneous low-fertility conditions, but the opposite was true for smaller, subordinate species. In general, species responses in heterogeneous conditions did not differ from the homogeneous high-fertility treatment, although the heterogeneous conditions had lower overall fertility. Conclusions In our experimental grasslands, species differed in their responses to fine-scale soil heterogeneity. Patchy resource distribution directly benefits larger, dominant species that can forage among patches and produce more above-ground biomass compared to conditions where the same amount of resources is distributed homogeneously. Smaller, subordinate species that are more likely confined to a uniform soil patch are disadvantaged by heterogeneity due to increased root and shoot competition from neighbouring species. These species-specific responses to fine-scale soil heterogeneity and altered competitive interactions have important implications for plant community structure and productivity. Soil heterogeneity can alter community structure if some species benefit more from heterogeneity than others. In experimental grassland communities, larger species foraged among patches in heterogeneous soils and produced more biomass compared to homogeneous conditions. Smaller species were disadvantaged in heterogeneous soils due to stronger competition. Fine-scale soil heterogeneity affects plant growth and species interactions, ultimately determining community structure.
    Print ISSN: 1100-9233
    Electronic ISSN: 1654-1103
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The International Association for Vegetation Science (IAVS).
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  • 2
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    Assessment of net community production and calcification of a coral reef using a boundary layer approach (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-16
    Description: Coral reefs are threatened worldwide, and there is a need to develop new approaches to monitor reef health under natural conditions. Because simultaneous measurements of net community production (NCP) and net community calcification (NCC) are used as important indicators of reef health, tools are needed to assess them in situ . Here, we present the Benthic Ecosystem and Acidification Measurement System (BEAMS), to provide the first fully autonomous approach capable of sustained, simultaneous measurements of reef NCP and NCC under undisturbed, natural conditions on timescales ranging from tens of minutes to weeks. BEAMS combines the chemical and velocity gradient in the benthic boundary layer to quantify flux from the benthos for a variety of parameters to measure NCP and NCC. Here, BEAMS was used to measure these rates from two different sites with different benthic communities on the western reef terrace at Palmyra Atoll for two weeks in September, 2014. Measurements were made every ∼15 minutes. The trends in metabolic rates were consistent with the benthic communities between the two sites with one dominated by fleshy organisms and the other dominated by calcifiers (degraded and healthy reefs, respectively). This demonstrates the potential utility of BEAMS as a reef health monitoring tool. NCP and NCC were tightly coupled on timescales of minutes to days, and light was the primary driver for the variability of daily integrated metabolic rates. No correlation between CO 2 levels and daily integrated NCC was observed, indicating that NCC at these sites were not significantly affected by CO 2 . This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Corrigendum: A novel multiple-stage antimalarial agent that inhibits protein synthesis (2016)
    Beatriz Baragaña; Irene Hallyburton; Marcus C. S. Lee; Neil R. Norcross; Raffaella Grimaldi; Thomas D. Otto; William R. Proto; Andrew M. Blagborough; Stephan Meister; Grennady Wirjanata; Andrea Ruecker; Leanna M. Upton; Tara S. Abraham; Mariana J. Almeida; Anupam Pradhan; Achim Porzelle; María Santos Martínez; Judith M. Bolscher; Andrew Woodland; Torsten Luksch; Suzanne Norval; Fabio Zuccotto; John Thomas; Frederick Simeons; Laste Stojanovski; Maria Osuna-Cabello; Paddy M. Brock; Tom S. Churcher; Katarzyna A. Sala; Sara E. Zakutansky; María Belén Jiménez-Díaz; Laura Maria Sanz; Jennifer Riley; Rajshekhar Basak; Michael Campbell; Vicky M. Avery; Robert W. Sauerwein; Koen J. Dechering; Rintis Noviyanti; Brice Campo; Julie A. Frearson; Iñigo Angulo-Barturen; Santiago Ferrer-Bazaga; Francisco Javier Gamo; Paul G. Wyatt; Didier Leroy; Peter Siegl; Michael J. Delves; Dennis E. Kyle; Sergio Wittlin; Jutta Marfurt; Ric N. Price; Robert E. Sinden; Elizabeth A. Winzeler; Susan A. Charman; Lidiya Bebrevska; David W. Gray; Simon Campbell; Alan H. Fairlamb; Paul A. Willis; Julian C. Rayner; David A. Fidock; Kevin D. Read; Ian H. Gilbert
    Springer Nature
    In: Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-01
    Description: Corrigendum: A novel multiple-stage antimalarial agent that inhibits protein synthesis Nature 537, 7618 (2016). doi:10.1038/nature18280 Authors: Beatriz Baragaña, Irene Hallyburton, Marcus C. S. Lee, Neil R. Norcross, Raffaella Grimaldi, Thomas D. Otto, William R. Proto, Andrew M. Blagborough, Stephan Meister, Grennady Wirjanata, Andrea Ruecker, Leanna M. Upton, Tara S. Abraham, Mariana J. Almeida, Anupam Pradhan, Achim Porzelle, María Santos Martínez, Judith M. Bolscher, Andrew Woodland, Torsten Luksch, Suzanne Norval, Fabio Zuccotto, John Thomas, Frederick Simeons, Laste Stojanovski, Maria Osuna-Cabello, Paddy M. Brock, Tom S. Churcher, Katarzyna A. Sala, Sara E. Zakutansky, María Belén Jiménez-Díaz, Laura Maria Sanz, Jennifer Riley, Rajshekhar Basak, Michael Campbell, Vicky M. Avery, Robert W. Sauerwein, Koen J. Dechering, Rintis Noviyanti, Brice Campo, Julie A. Frearson, Iñigo Angulo-Barturen, Santiago Ferrer-Bazaga, Francisco Javier Gamo, Paul G. Wyatt, Didier Leroy, Peter Siegl, Michael J. Delves, Dennis E. Kyle, Sergio Wittlin, Jutta Marfurt, Ric N. Price, Robert E. Sinden, Elizabeth A. Winzeler, Susan A. Charman, Lidiya Bebrevska, David W. Gray, Simon Campbell, Alan H. Fairlamb, Paul A. Willis, Julian C. Rayner, David A. Fidock, Kevin D. Read & Ian H. Gilbert Nature522, 315–320 (2015); doi:10.1038/nature14451In this Article, Torsten Luksch was inadvertently omitted from the author list. He is affiliated with the Drug Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 4
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    Species origin affects the rate of response to inter-annual growing season precipitation and nutrient addition in four Australian native grasslands (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-30
    Description: Questions Predicted increases in temperature and changes to precipitation are expected to alter the amount of plant available nutrients, in turn, altering rates of primary production and exotic plant invasions. However, it remains unclear whether increased responses occur in wetter than average years, even in low fertility and low rainfall regions. Location Four Australian grasslands, including sites in arid Western Australia, semi-arid Victoria, alpine Victoria and sub-tropical Queensland. Methods Using identical nutrient addition experiments, we use 6-years of biomass, cover and species richness data to examine how rates of biomass production and native and exotic cover and richness are affected by growing season precipitation [proportion of yearly growing season precipitation (GSP) to long-term mean GSP] and nutrient (N, P, K and micronutrients) addition. Results Rates of grassland productivity strongly increased with increasing GSP. GSP increased rates of native cover but not native or exotic richness, nor rates of exotic cover change. We detected no significant NPK effect on rates of grassland productivity, exotic cover or exotic richness change. In contrast, NPK addition decreased rates of native cover change and fertilized plots had significantly fewer native species. We did not detect a significant interaction between NPK and GSP . Conclusions Grassland productivity was more strongly predicted by variation in growing season precipitation than by nutrient addition, suggesting it will vary with future changes in rainfall. Response to nutrients, however, depend on species origin, suggesting that increasing soil nutrient availability due to anthropogenic activities is likely to lead to negative effects on native species richness and cover. How nutrients effect species composition and productivity in grasslands depends on species origin and precipitation. We show in four Australian grasslands that native species richness generally responds negatively to nutrient addition, but grassland productivity is positively associated with growing season precipitation. These findings suggest that modelling of grassland ecosystem response to global change drivers is sensitive to evolutionary history.
    Print ISSN: 1100-9233
    Electronic ISSN: 1654-1103
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The International Association for Vegetation Science (IAVS).
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  • 5
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    Animal research: Australians rush to reject primate bill (2016)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Price, Nicholas -- Bourne, James -- Rosa, Marcello -- England -- Nature. 2016 Mar 3;531(7592):35. doi: 10.1038/531035c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26935690" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Experimentation/legislation & jurisprudence ; Animal Welfare ; Animals ; *Animals, Laboratory ; Australia ; Commerce/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Federal Government ; *Primates ; Research Personnel/psychology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 6
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    Codon influence on protein expression in E. coli correlates with mRNA levels (2016)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-14
    Description: Degeneracy in the genetic code, which enables a single protein to be encoded by a multitude of synonymous gene sequences, has an important role in regulating protein expression, but substantial uncertainty exists concerning the details of this phenomenon. Here we analyse the sequence features influencing protein expression levels in 6,348 experiments using bacteriophage T7 polymerase to synthesize messenger RNA in Escherichia coli. Logistic regression yields a new codon-influence metric that correlates only weakly with genomic codon-usage frequency, but strongly with global physiological protein concentrations and also mRNA concentrations and lifetimes in vivo. Overall, the codon content influences protein expression more strongly than mRNA-folding parameters, although the latter dominate in the initial ~16 codons. Genes redesigned based on our analyses are transcribed with unaltered efficiency but translated with higher efficiency in vitro. The less efficiently translated native sequences show greatly reduced mRNA levels in vivo. Our results suggest that codon content modulates a kinetic competition between protein elongation and mRNA degradation that is a central feature of the physiology and also possibly the regulation of translation in E. coli.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boel, Gregory -- Letso, Reka -- Neely, Helen -- Price, W Nicholson -- Wong, Kam-Ho -- Su, Min -- Luff, Jon D -- Valecha, Mayank -- Everett, John K -- Acton, Thomas B -- Xiao, Rong -- Montelione, Gaetano T -- Aalberts, Daniel P -- Hunt, John F -- GM106372/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R15 GM106372/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54-GM094597/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 21;529(7586):358-63. doi: 10.1038/nature16509. Epub 2016 Jan 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences and Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium, 702 Fairchild Center, MC2434, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA. ; CNRS UMR8261, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13-rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France. ; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA. ; Department of Physics, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts 01267, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26760206" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 7
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    Coherent Magnetoelastic Domains in Multiferroic BiFeO3 Films (2016)
    American Physical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-21
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society
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  • 8
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    Identification of Polymorphisms Associated with Drought Adaptation QTL in Brassica napus by Resequencing (2016)
    Genetics Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-08
    Description: Brassica napus is a globally important oilseed for which little is known about the genetics of drought adaptation. We previously mapped twelve quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying drought-related traits in a biparental mapping population created from a cross between winter and spring B. napus cultivars. Here we resequence the genomes of the mapping population parents to identify genetic diversity across the genome and within QTL regions. We sequenced each parental cultivar on the Illumina HiSeq platform to a minimum depth of 23 x and performed a reference based assembly in order to describe the molecular variation differentiating them at the scale of the genome, QTL and gene. Genome-wide patterns of variation were characterized by an overall higher single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) density in the A genome and a higher ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions in the C genome. Nonsynonymous substitutions were used to categorize gene ontology terms differentiating the parent genomes along with a list of putative functional variants contained within each QTL. Marker assays were developed for several of the discovered polymorphisms within a pleiotropic QTL on chromosome A10. QTL analysis with the new, denser map showed the most associated marker to be that developed from an insertion/deletion polymorphism located in the candidate gene Bna.FLC.A10 , and it was the only candidate within the QTL interval with observed polymorphism. Together, these results provide a glimpse of genome-wide variation differentiating annual and biennial B. napus ecotypes as well as a better understanding of the genetic basis of root and drought phenotypes.
    Electronic ISSN: 2160-1836
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Genetics Society of America (GSA)
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  • 9
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    Fitness cost and invasion of a homing intein [Evolution] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-11
    Description: Inteins are parasitic genetic elements that excise themselves at the protein level by self-splicing, allowing the formation of functional, nondisrupted proteins. Many inteins contain a homing endonuclease (HEN) domain and rely on its activity for horizontal propagation. However, successful invasion of an entire population will make this activity redundant, and...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    Variable responses of temperate calcified and fleshy macroalgae to elevated pCO2 and warming (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-27
    Description: Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions simultaneously increase ocean temperatures and reduce ocean surface pH, a process termed ocean acidification (OA). OA is expected to negatively affect the growth and physiology of many calcified organisms, but the response of non-calcified (fleshy) organisms is less well understood. Rising temperatures and p CO 2 can enhance photosynthetic rates (within tolerance limits). Therefore, warming may interact with OA to alter biological responses of macroalgae in complicated ways. Beyond thresholds of physiological tolerance, however, rising temperatures could further exacerbate negative responses to OA. Many studies have investigated the effects of OA or warming independently of each other, but few studies have quantified the interactive effects of OA and warming on marine organisms. We conducted four short-term independent factorial CO 2 enrichment and warming experiments on six common species of calcified and fleshy macroalgae from southern California to investigate the independent and interactive effects of CO 2 and warming on growth, carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme activity, pigment concentrations, and photosynthetic efficiency. There was no effect of elevated p CO 2 on CA activity, pigment concentration, and photosynthetic efficiency in the macroalgal species studies. However, we found that calcareous algae suffered reduced growth rates under high p CO 2 conditions alone, although the magnitude of the effect varied by species. Fleshy algae had mixed responses of growth rates to high p CO 2 , indicating that the effects of p CO 2 enrichment are inconsistent across species. The combined effects of elevated p CO 2 and warming had a significantly negative impact on growth for both fleshy and calcareous algae; calcareous algae experienced five times more weight loss than specimens in ambient control conditions and fleshy growth was reduced by 76%. Our results demonstrate the need to study the interactive effects of multiple stressors associated with global change on marine communities.
    Print ISSN: 1054-3139
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9289
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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