ALBERT

Description: ABSTRACT We have developed a real-time imaging technique for diagnosis of kidney diseases which is composed of two steps, staining renal cells safely with food dyes and optical sectioning of living renal tissue to obtain histological images by multiphoton microscopy (MPM). Here, we demonstrated that the MPM imaging with food dyes, including erythrosine and indigo carmine, could be used as fluorescent agents to visualize renal functions and structures such as glomerular bloodstreams, glomerular filtration, and morphology of glomeruli and renal tubules. We also showed that the kidneys of IgA nephropathy model-mice stained with the food dyes presented histopathological characteristics different from those observed in normal kidneys. The use of the food dyes enhances the quality of tissue images obtained by MPM and offers the potential to contribute to a clinical real-time diagnosis of kidney diseases. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2015 . © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Description: The source mantle of the basaltic ocean crust on the western half of the Pacific Plate was examined using Pb–Nd–Hf isotopes. The results showed that the subducted Izanagi–Pacific Ridge (IPR) formed from both Pacific (180–∼80 Ma) and Indian (∼80–70 Ma) mantles. The western Pacific Plate becomes younger westward and is thought to have formed from the IPR. The ridge was subducted along the Kurile–Japan–Nankai–Ryukyu (KJNR) Trench at 60–55 Ma and leading edge of the Pacific Plate is currently stagnated in the mantle transition zone. Conversely, the entire eastern half of the Pacific Plate, formed from isotopically distinct Pacific mantle along the East Pacific Rise and the Juan de Fuca Ridge, largely remains on the seafloor. The subducted IPR is inaccessible; therefore, questions regarding which mantle might be responsible for the formation of the western half of the Pacific Plate remain controversial. Knowing the source of the IPR basalts provides insight into the Indian–Pacific mantle boundary before the Cenozoic. Isotopic compositions of the basalts from borehole cores (165–130 Ma) in the western Pacific show that the surface oceanic crust is of Pacific mantle origin. However, the accreted ocean floor basalts (∼80–70 Ma) in the accretionary prism along the KJNR Trench have Indian mantle signatures. This indicates the younger western Pacific Plate of IPR origin formed partly from Indian mantle and that the Indian–Pacific mantle boundary has been stationary in the western Pacific at least since the Cretaceous. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Description: It is observed, during flood events, that bedforms initially grow in height and make the river bed rougher. But later, under high discharge, the bedforms grow longer with the opposite effect of making the river bed smoother. After the discharge drops to a lower value, new bedforms regenerate on top of the elongated bedforms. This mechanism leads to a significant variation in the bed roughness and the water stage, and hence determines the behaviour of floods and the risk of flood disasters. This work presents detailed modelling of bedforms under discharge hydrographs and simulates the conditions under which the bed is flattened out in the upper plane-bed regime. The flow was simulated by large-eddy simulation, and the sediments were considered as rigid spheres and modelled in a Lagrangian framework. The bed morphodynamics were the result of entrainment and deposition of sediment particles. We examined several discharge hydrographs. In the first case, we increased the discharge linearly and then kept it constant after reaching the upper-plane bed condition. The dunes were generated and grew during the rising stage of discharge. When the flow conditions reached the upper plane-bed regime, high-frequency ripples were generated and helped to flatten the bed. The results also showed that, in contrast with mechanisms in the dune regime, the flattening of the bed was associated with a distinct pattern of sediment transport which deposited sediment mainly in the lee side of the dunes and led to flattening of the bed. After flattening, the sediments were mainly transported in suspension mode. As long as flow conditions stayed in the upper plane-bed regime, the bed remained flat with small high-frequency ripples. We also examined two other scenarios: one with an immediate falling stage of discharge after the rising stage and the other with a period of constant discharge between the rising and falling stages. Dunes were regenerated during the falling stage of discharge for both cases. In the first case, the dunes were regenerated before the bed was flattened because of a time lag between the flow and the bed deformation. Bed flattening was followed by dune regeneration in the second case. Moreover, a significant reduction in the form drag coefficient was observed after the flattening in the second case. The reduction in form drag led to a reduction in the flood intensity. The model showed its ability to reproduce the key phenomena of the development of subaqueous dunes under conditions of a passing flood wave.

Description: The 1,3-C–H insertion of magnesium carbenoid and related species was investigated via density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The 1,3-C–H insertion occurred according to an S N 2-like mechanism wherein the nucleophilic C–H bond attacked the electrophilic carbenoid carbon atom. The activation energies for the 1,3-C–H insertion of (1-chloropropyl)magnesium chloride, (1-methoxypropyl)magnesium chloride, and [1-(methylthio)propyl]magnesium chloride were 20.0, 33.8, and 47.1 kcal/mol, respectively. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The 1,3-C–H insertion of magnesium carbenoid and related species was investigated via density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The 1,3-C–H insertion occurred according to an S N 2-like mechanism wherein the nucleophilic C–H bond attacked the electrophilic carbenoid carbon atom. The activation energies for the 1,3-C–H insertion of (1-chloropropyl)magnesium chloride, (1-methoxypropyl)magnesium chloride, and [1-(methylthio)propyl]magnesium chloride were 20.0, 33.8, and 47.1 kcal/mol, respectively.

Description: The Yamato Basin in the Japan Sea is a back-arc basin characterized by basaltic oceanic crust that is twice as thick as typical oceanic crust. Two types of ocean floor basalts, formed during the opening of the Japan Sea in the Middle Miocene, were recovered from the Yamato Basin during Ocean Drilling Program Legs 127/128. These can be considered as depleted (D-type) and enriched (E-type) basalts based on their incompatible trace element and Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopic compositions. Both types of basalts plot along a common mixing array drawn between depleted mantle and slab sediment represented by a sand-rich turbidite on the Pacific Plate in the NE Japan forearc. The depleted nature of the D-type basalts suggests that the slab sediment component is nil to minor relative to the dominant mantle component, whereas the enrichment of all incompatible elements in the E-type basalts was likely caused by a large contribution of bulk slab sediment in the source. The results of forward model calculations using adiabatic melting of a hydrous mantle with sediment flux indicate that the melting conditions of the source mantle for the D-type basalts are deeper and hotter than those for the E-type basalts, which appear to have formed under conditions hotter than those of normal mid-oceanic ridge basalts (MORB). These results suggest that the thicker oceanic crust was formed by greater degrees of melting of a hydrous metasomatized mantle source at unusually high mantle potential temperature during the opening of the Japan Sea. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Description: The Comment by Pineda-Velasco et al . [2015] examined Pb isotope data presented by Kimura et al . [2014]. The authors' points are that (1) there is uncertainty in the analytical results of Kimura et al . [2014] due to the effect of mass fractionation, and therefore, (2) the interpretations of Kimura et al . [2014] based on the extent of crustal assimilation and the estimated Pb isotopic composition of the crustal component are erroneous. In response to the Comment, we report a flaw in the original paper that the samples from the Aono, Daisen, and Kannabe regions were analyzed using conventional TIMS methods and all other samples were analyzed using thallium-spiked multi-collector inductively-coupled-plasma mass spectrometry (TS-MC-ICP-MS). We have re-analyzed the sample powders from Karasugasen, Daisen, and Aono using TS-MC-ICP-MS. Our new results showed considerable overlap with the data in Pineda-Velasco et al . [2015]. Therefore, the isotopic trends shown by the conventional TIMS in Kimura et al . [2014] were analytical artifacts from mass bias. We conclude that the crustal assimilation proposed by Kimura et al . [2014] was erroneous in terms of Pb isotopes, nevertheless some crustal assimilation in the Karasugasen lava is evident from the chemical zoning of hornblende phenocrysts. Although the original Pb isotope argument for crustal contamination was wrong, the ABS4 modeling is unaffected because of no to subtle changes in estimated mantle source compositions in their ABS4 model. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Description: The effect of high-pressure oxygen (HPO) annealing on the electrical, magnetic, and magnetoelectric (ME) properties of room-temperature multiferroic BaSrCo 2 Fe 11 AlO 22 ceramics was investigated. The electrical resistivity of the ceramics was found to strongly depend on the partial oxygen pressure during annealing at 1040°C. Samples annealed under ~10 atm of oxygen exhibited a resistivity of up to 1.6 × 10 9  Ω·cm at room temperature, more than two orders of magnitude higher than that of samples without oxygen annealing. Thermally stimulated current and complex impedance measurements suggested that the enhancement of the resistivity by the HPO annealing originated from a decrease in the amount of defects related to oxygen vacancies and an increase in the resistance of grains and interfaces. HPO annealing also affects the magnetic-field response of spiral magnetic ordering, which is ascribed to the ME properties. Furthermore, samples subjected to HPO annealing exhibited a lower contribution of the space charges trapped at the grain boundaries and/or defects to the magnitude of the measured magnetoelectrically induced electric polarization P . The present results indicate that HPO annealing is an effective method to evaluate authentic ME effects in multiferroic BaSrCo 2 Fe 11 AlO 22 ceramics.

Description: Dacitic to rhyolitic glass shards from 80 widespread tephras erupted during the past 5 Mys from calderas in Kyushu, and SW, central, and NE Japan were analyzed. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to determine 10 major and 33 trace elements and 207 Pb/ 206 Pb– 208 Pb/ 206 Pb isotope ratios. The tephras were classified into three major geochemical types and their source rocks were identified as plutonic, sedimentary, and intermediate amphibolite rocks in the upper crust. A few tephras from SW Japan were identified as adakite and alkali rhyolite and were regarded to have originated from slab melt and mantle melt, respectively. The Pb isotope ratios of the tephras are comparable to those of the intermediate lavas in the source areas but are different from the basalts in these areas. The crustal assimilants for the intermediate lavas were largely from crustal melts and are represented by the rhyolitic tephras. A large heat source is required for forming large volumes of felsic crustal melts and is usually supplied by the mantle via basalt. Hydrous arc basalt formed by cold slab subduction is voluminous, and its heat transfer with high water content may have melted crustal rocks leading to effective felsic magma production. Coincidence of basalt and felsic magma activities shown by this study suggests caldera-forming eruptions are ultimately the effect of a mantle-driven cause. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Description: We estimate the three-dimensional (3-D) P -wave attenuation structure beneath Kyushu, Japan, using a large number of high-quality waveform data. Our results show that the mantle wedge is characterized by high-attenuation regions in the fore-arc corner and in the back-arc beneath volcanoes, with the two regions separated by a low-attenuation area. The volcanic gap in central Kyushu is underlain by low attenuation below the Moho. High attenuation in the fore-arc is probably associated with serpentinized peridotite, while that in the back-arc is interpreted as an upwelling flow that is the source of arc magmas. The presence of low-attenuation mantle that separates the high-attenuation hydrated, fore-arc and back-arc mantle regions, suggests that fluids are supplied from two depth levels of the slab by different mechanisms. Low attenuation beneath the volcanic gap probably results from intricate 3-D mantle flow that is caused by tectonic processes such as back-arc extension and ridge collision.

Description: Using the Extreme Ultraviolet Spectroscope for Exsospheric Dynamics (EXCEED) aboard Hisaki and the Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Monitor (SEM) on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), we investigate variations of the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) dayglow brightness for OII 83.4 nm, OI 130.4 nm and OI 135.6 nm in the Venusian upper atmosphere observed in Mar-April (period 1), April-May (period 2) and June-July (period 3) in 2014. The result shows that characteristic periodicities exist in the dayglow variations other than the ~ 27-day solar rotational effect of the solar EUV flux: 1.8, 2.8, 3.1, 4.5, and 9.9-day in period 1, 1.1-day in period 2, and 1.0 and 11-day in period 3. Many of these periodicities are consistent with previous observations and theory. We suggest these periodicities are related to density oscillations of oxygen atoms or photoelectrons in the thermosphere. The cause of these periodicities is still uncertain, but planetary-scale waves and/or gravity waves propagating from the middle atmosphere, and/or minor periodic variations of the solar EUV radiation flux may play a role. Effects of the solar wind parameters (velocity, dynamic pressure and interplanetary magnetic field's (IMF) intensity) on the dayglow variations are also investigated using the Analyser of Space Plasma and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-4) and magnetometer (MAG) aboard Venus Express. Although clear correlation with the dayglow variations is not found, their minor periodicities are similar to the dayglow periodicities. Contribution of the solar wind to the dayglow remains still unknown, but the solar wind parameters might affect the dayglow variations.