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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (2)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (2)
  • Geological Society of America (GSA)
  • Amsterdam : Elsevier
  • 2015-2019  (6)
  • 2010-2014
  • 2000-2004
  • 1995-1999
  • 2015  (6)
  • 1
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    Electron mobility enhancement in (100) oxygen-inserted silicon channel (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-22
    Description: High performance improvement (+88% in peak G m and 〉30% in linear and saturation region drain currents) was observed for N-MOSFETs with Oxygen-Inserted (OI) Si channel. From TCAD analysis of the C-V measurement data, the improvement was confirmed to be due to electron mobility enhancement of the OI Si channel (+75% at N inv  = 4.0 × 10 12  cm −2 and +25% at N inv  = 8.0 × 10 12  cm −2 ). Raman and high-resolution Rutherford backscattering measurements confirmed that negligible strain is induced in the OI Si layer, and hence, it cannot be used to explain the origin of mobility improvement. Poisson-Schrödinger based quantum mechanical simulation was performed, taking into account phonon, surface roughness and Coulomb scatterings. The OI layer was modeled as a “quasi barrier” region with reference to the Si conduction band edge to confine inversion electrons. Simulation explains the measured electron mobility enhancement as the confinement effect of inversion electrons while the formation of an super-steep retrograde well doping profile in the channel (as a result of dopant diffusion blocking effect accompanied by introduction of the OI layer) also contributes 50%–60% of the mobility improvement.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 2
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    Kinematics of shallow backthrusts in the Seattle fault zone, Washington State (2015)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geosphere
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-02
    Description: Near-surface thrust fault splays and antithetic backthrusts at the tips of major thrust fault systems can distribute slip across multiple shallow fault strands, complicating earthquake hazard analyses based on studies of surface faulting. The shallow expression of the fault strands forming the Seattle fault zone of Washington State shows the structural relationships and interactions between such fault strands. Paleoseismic studies document an ~7000 yr history of earthquakes on multiple faults within the Seattle fault zone, with some backthrusts inferred to rupture in small (M ~5.5–6.0) earthquakes at times other than during earthquakes on the main thrust faults. We interpret seismic-reflection profiles to show three main thrust faults, one of which is a blind thrust fault directly beneath downtown Seattle, and four small backthrusts within the Seattle fault zone. We then model fault slip, constrained by shallow deformation, to show that the Seattle fault forms a fault propagation fold rather than the alternatively proposed roof thrust system. Fault slip modeling shows that back-thrust ruptures driven by moderate (M ~6.5–6.7) earthquakes on the main thrust faults are consistent with the paleoseismic data. The results indicate that paleoseismic data from the back-thrust ruptures reveal the times of moderate earthquakes on the main fault system, rather than indicating smaller (M ~5.5–6.0) earthquakes involving only the backthrusts. Estimates of cumulative shortening during known Seattle fault zone earthquakes support the inference that the Seattle fault has been the major seismic hazard in the northern Cascadia forearc in the late Holocene.
    Electronic ISSN: 1553-040X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 3
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    Temperate forest health in an era of emerging megadisturbance (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-22
    Description: Although disturbances such as fire and native insects can contribute to natural dynamics of forest health, exceptional droughts, directly and in combination with other disturbance factors, are pushing some temperate forests beyond thresholds of sustainability. Interactions from increasing temperatures, drought, native insects and pathogens, and uncharacteristically severe wildfire are resulting in forest mortality beyond the levels of 20th-century experience. Additional anthropogenic stressors, such as atmospheric pollution and invasive species, further weaken trees in some regions. Although continuing climate change will likely drive many areas of temperate forest toward large-scale transformations, management actions can help ease transitions and minimize losses of socially valued ecosystem services.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Millar, Constance I -- Stephenson, Nathan L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Aug 21;349(6250):823-6. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa9933.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA 94710, USA. cmillar@fs.fed.us. ; U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Three Rivers, CA 93271, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26293954" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Climate Change ; *Disasters ; Droughts ; Environmental Restoration and Remediation ; Fires ; *Forests ; Insects ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Enchained by visible light-mediated photoredox catalysis (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Karkas, Markus D -- Matsuura, Bryan S -- Stephenson, Corey R J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Sep 18;349(6254):1285-6. doi: 10.1126/science.aad0193.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. ; Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. crjsteph@umich.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26383937" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Free Radicals/*chemistry ; Light ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Photochemical Processes
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    A sub-crustal piercing point for North Atlantic reconstructions and tectonic implications (2015)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-19
    Description: Plate tectonic reconstructions are usually constrained by the correlation of lineaments of surface geology and crustal structures. This procedure is, however, largely dependent on and complicated by assumptions on crustal structure and thinning and the identification of the continent-ocean transition. We identify two geophysically and geometrically similar upper mantle structures in the North Atlantic and suggest that these represent remnants of the same Caledonian collision event. The identification of this structural lineament provides a sub-crustal piercing point and hence a novel opportunity to tie plate tectonic reconstructions. Further, this structure coincides with the location of some major tectonic events of the North Atlantic post-orogenic evolution such as the occurrence of the Iceland Melt Anomaly and the separation of the Jan Mayen microcontinent. We suggest that this inherited orogenic structure played a major role in the control of North Atlantic tectonic processes.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 6
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    Generalizing Murray's law: An optimization principle for fluidic networks of arbitrary shape and scale (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-07
    Description: Murray's law states that the volumetric flow rate is proportional to the cube of the radius in a cylindrical channel optimized to require the minimum work to drive and maintain the fluid. However, application of this principle to the biomimetic design of micro/nano fabricated networks requires optimization of channels with arbitrary cross-sectional shape (not just circular) and smaller than is valid for Murray's original assumptions. We present a generalized law for symmetric branching that (a) is valid for any cross-sectional shape, providing that the shape is constant through the network; (b) is valid for slip flow and plug flow occurring at very small scales; and (c) is valid for networks with a constant depth, which is often a requirement for lab-on-a-chip fabrication procedures. By considering limits of the generalized law, we show that the optimum daughter-parent area ratio Γ, for symmetric branching into N daughter channels of any constant cross-sectional shape, is Γ = N − 2 / 3 for large-scale channels, and Γ = N − 4 / 5 for channels with a characteristic length scale much smaller than the slip length. Our analytical results are verified by comparison with a numerical optimization of a two-level network model based on flow rate data obtained from a variety of sources, including Navier-Stokes slip calculations, kinetic theory data, and stochastic particle simulations.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8979
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7550
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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