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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2012-06-06
    Description: Author(s): X. Q. Liu, X. B. Li, L. Zhang, Y. Q. Cheng, Z. G. Yan, M. Xu, X. D. Han, S. B. Zhang, Z. Zhang, and E. Ma [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 239602] Published Tue Jun 05, 2012
    Keywords: Comments
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
    Topics: Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2012-08-01
    Description: On the morning of 14 April 2010, the M s  7.1 Yushu earthquake struck the eastern Tibet Plateau and an M s  6.3 aftershock followed west-southwest of the mainshock epicenter one and a half hours later. The Yushu earthquake occurred on the northwestern continuation of the Ganzi–Xianshuihe fault zone and reactivated two segments of the fault. Ruptures associated with Yushu earthquake span a zone 70 km long, extending from south of Jielong in the west to south of Gyêgu (Yushu) in the east. Detailed mapping of the surface rupture zone shows that it consists of two strike-slip segments, the western and eastern segments, separated by the Longbao Lake step-over (pull apart) basin. Our analysis suggests that the 18-km-long western segment of the surface rupture south of the Longbao Lake basin may have been associated with the M s  6.3 aftershock. The eastern rupture segment, which is inferred to be associated with the mainshock, is 32 km long. The main surface rupture can also be divided into two sections, with a 2-km-long gap between them. The surface rupture exhibits left-lateral slip and is localized in a zone about 50 m wide along the present-day trace of the Yushu fault. A single break, without splays or branching traces, characterizes most of the surface rupture zone. The observed magnitudes of surface displacement are typically 0.5–1 m with a maximum slip of 2 m. Both field observations and seismic inversion results suggest, rupture of M s  7.1 Yushu earthquake nucleated near the Longbao Lake step-over basin in the west, propagated unilaterally eastward, and terminated within the east segment margin of the Yushu fault.
    Print ISSN: 0037-1106
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3573
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2012-01-13
    Description: Central Asia is currently a semiarid-arid region, dominated by the Westerlies. It is important to understand mechanisms of climate and precipitation changes here, as water availability in the region is crucial today and in the future. High-resolution, absolutely-dated oxygen isotope (δ18O) records of stalagmites from Kesang Cave characterize a dynamic precipitation history over most of the past 500,000 years. This record demonstrates, for the first time, that climate change in the region exhibits a processional rhythm with abrupt inceptions of low δ18O speleothem growth at times of high Northern Hemisphere summer insolation followed by gradual δ18O increases that track decreases of insolation. These observations and interpretations contrast with the interpretation of nearby, but higher elevation ice core records. The absolutely-dated cave δ18O shifts can be used to correlate the regional climate variability by providing chronological marks. Combined with other paleoclimate records, the Kesang observations suggest that possible incursions of Asian summer monsoon rainfall or related moisture into the Kesang site and/or adjacent areas during the high insolation times may play an important role in changing orbital-scale hydrology of the region. Based on our record, arid climate will prevail in this region for the next several millennia, providing that anthropogenic effects do not supersede natural processes.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2012-02-08
    Description: A critical regulator of autophagy is the Class III PI3K Vps34 (also called PIK3C3). Although Vps34 is known to play an essential role in autophagy in yeast, its role in mammals remains elusive. To elucidate the physiological function of Vps34 and to determine its precise role in autophagy, we have generated Vps34f/f mice, in which expression of Cre recombinase results in a deletion of exon 4 of Vps34 and a frame shift causing a deletion of 755 of the 887 amino acids of Vps34. Acute ablation of Vps34 in MEFs upon adenoviral Cre infection results in a diminishment of localized generation of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and blockade of both endocytic and autophagic degradation. Starvation-induced autophagosome formation is blocked in both Vps34-null MEFs and liver. Liver-specific Albumin-Cre;Vps34f/f mice developed hepatomegaly and hepatic steatosis, and impaired protein turnover. Ablation of Vps34 in the heart of muscle creatine kinase-Cre;Vps34f/f mice led to cardiomegaly and decreased contractility. In addition, while amino acid-stimulated mTOR activation was suppressed in the absence of Vps34, the steady-state level of mTOR signaling was not affected in Vps34-null MEFs, liver, or cardiomyocytes. Taken together, our results indicate that Vps34 plays an essential role in regulating functional autophagy and is indispensable for normal liver and heart function.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2012-12-20
    Description: Crystal Growth & Design DOI: 10.1021/cg301745x
    Print ISSN: 1528-7483
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-7505
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2012-09-27
    Description: Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hold great promise for regenerative medicine because they can undergo unlimited self-renewal and retain the capability to differentiate into all cell types in the body. Although numerous genes/proteins such as Oct4 and Gata6 have been identified to play critical regulatory roles in self-renewal and differentiation of hESC, the majority of the regulators in these cellular processes and more importantly how these regulators co-operate with each other and/or with epigenetic modifications are still largely unknown. We propose here a systematic approach to integrate genomic and epigenomic data for identification of direct regulatory interactions. This approach allows reconstruction of cell-type-specific transcription networks in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and fibroblasts at an unprecedented scale. Many links in the reconstructed networks coincide with known regulatory interactions or literature evidence. Systems-level analyses of these networks not only uncover novel regulators for pluripotency and differentiation, but also reveal extensive interplays between transcription factor binding and epigenetic modifications. Especially, we observed poised enhancers characterized by both active (H3K4me1) and repressive (H3K27me3) histone marks that contain enriched Oct4- and Suz12-binding sites. The success of such a systems biology approach is further supported by experimental validation of the predicted interactions.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2012-08-24
    Description: The antitumor natural compound falcarindiol promotes cancer cell death by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress Cell Death and Disease 3, e376 (August 2012). doi:10.1038/cddis.2012.122 Authors: H R Jin, J Zhao, Z Zhang, Y Liao, C-Z Wang, W-H Huang, S-P Li, T-C He, C-S Yuan & W Du
    Keywords: ER stressfalcarindiolapoptosisunfolded protein responseproteasome
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4889
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2012-06-13
    Description: Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an attractive analytical technique, which enables single-molecule sensitive detection and provides its special chemical fingerprints. During the past decades, researchers have made great efforts towards an ideal SERS substrate, mainly including pioneering works on the preparation of uniform metal nanostructure arrays by various nanoassembly and nanotailoring methods, which give better uniformity and reproducibility. Recently, nanoparticles coated with an inert shell were used to make the enhanced Raman signals cleaner. By depositing SERS-active metal nanoislands on an atomically flat graphene layer, here we designed a new kind of SERS substrate referred to as a graphene-mediated SERS (G-SERS) substrate. In the graphene/metal combined structure, the electromagnetic “hot” spots (which is the origin of a huge SERS enhancement) created by the gapped metal nanoislands through the localized surface plasmon resonance effect are supposed to pass through the monolayer graphene, resulting in an atomically flat hot surface for Raman enhancement. Signals from a G-SERS substrate were also demonstrated to have interesting advantages over normal SERS, in terms of cleaner vibrational information free from various metal-molecule interactions and being more stable against photo-induced damage, but with a comparable enhancement factor. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of a freestanding, transparent and flexible “G-SERS tape” (consisting of a polymer-layer-supported monolayer graphene with sandwiched metal nanoislands) to enable direct, real time and reliable detection of trace amounts of analytes in various systems, which imparts high efficiency and universality of analyses with G-SERS substrates.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2012-07-04
    Description: A cellular automaton model has been developed to simulate the austenitization process of ASTM A216 WCA cast steel during heating process. The dissolution of pearlite and the transformation of ferrite into austenite were simulated. The calculation domain was divided into square cells, which are characterized by certain attributes that represent the status of each cell: pearlite (P), ferrite (α), austenite (γ) or γ /α interface. The dissolution of pearlite was described by nucleation and growth of austenite. A mixed-mode model in multicomponent system was employed to calculate the growth velocity of the γ /α interface. According to Burke and Turnbull's theory, austenite grain coarsening induced by γ /γ grain boundary migration was simulated. To validate the model, dilatometric and quenching experiments were carried out. The dilatometric experiment was conducted using a Gleeble1500D with a sample 8 mm in diameter. The temperature of the sample was measured using thermocouples welde...
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2012-05-30
    Description: IspG is a 4Fe4S protein involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis. Most bacterial IspGs contain two domains: a TIM barrel (A) and a 4Fe4S domain (B), but in plants and malaria parasites, there is a large insert domain (A*) whose structure and function are unknown. We show that bacterial IspGs function in solution as (AB)2 dimers and that mutations in either both A or both B domains block activity. Chimeras harboring an A-mutation in one chain and a B-mutation in the other have 50% of the activity seen in wild-type protein, because there is still one catalytically active AB domain. However, a plant IspG functions as an AA*B monomer. We propose, using computational modeling and electron microscopy, that the A* insert domain has a TIM barrel structure that interacts with the A domain. This structural arrangement enables the A and B domains to interact in a “cup and ball” manner during catalysis, just as in the bacterial systems. EPR/HYSCORE spectra of reaction intermediate, product, and inhibitor ligands bound to both two and three domain proteins are identical, indicating the same local electronic structure, and computational docking indicates these ligands bridge both A and B domains. Overall, the results are of broad general interest because they indicate the insert domain in three-domain IspGs is a second TIM barrel that plays a structural role and that the pattern of inhibition of both two and three domain proteins are the same, results that can be expected to be of use in drug design.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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