Publication Date:
2002-03-25
Description:
An efficient algorithm for hydrodynamical interaction of many deformable drops subject to shear flow at small Reynolds numbers with triply periodic boundaries is developed. The algorithm, at each time step, is a hybrid of boundary-integral and economical multipole techniques, and scales practically linearly with the number of drops N in the range N 〈 1000, for N Δ ~ 103 boundary elements per drop. A new near-singularity subtraction in the double layer overcomes the divergence of velocity iterations at high drop volume fractions c and substantial viscosity ratio λ. Extensive long-time simulations for N = 100-200 and NΔ = 1000-2000 are performed up to c = 0.55 and drop-to-medium viscosity ratios up to λ = 5, to calculate the non-dimensional emulsion viscosity μ* = Σ12⊤ (μe·γ), and the first N1 = (Σ11 - Σ22) ⊤ (μe·γ) and second N2 = (Σ22 - Σ33) ⊤ (μe·γ) normal stress differences, where ·γ is the shear rate, μe is the matrix viscosity, and Σij is the average stress tensor. For c = 0.45 and 0.5, μ* is a strong function of the capillary number Ca = μe·γaσ (where α is the non-deformed drop radius, and σ is the interfacial tension) for Ca ≪ 1, so that most of the shear thinning occurs for nearly non-deformed drops. For c = 0.55 and λ =1, however, the results suggest phase transition to a partially ordered state at Ca ≤ 0.05, and μ* becomes a weaker function of c and Ca; using λ = 3 delays phase transition to smaller Ca. A positive first normal stress difference, N1, is a strong function of Ca; the second normal stress difference, N2, is always negative and is a relatively weak function of Ca. It is found at c = 0.5 that small systems (N ~ 10) fail to predict the correct behaviour of the viscosity and can give particularly large errors for N1, while larger systems N ≥. O(102) show very good convergence. For N ~ 102 and N Δ ~ 103, the present algorithm is two orders of magnitude faster than a standard boundary-integral code, which has made the calculations feasible.
Print ISSN:
0022-1120
Electronic ISSN:
1469-7645
Topics:
Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
,
Physics
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