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  • Annual Reviews
  • 2000-2004  (74)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974
  • 2001  (74)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN OSTEOBLAST RESPONSE TO IMPLANT SURFACE MORPHOLOGY (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 31 (2001), S. 357-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Osteoblasts respond to surface topography with altered morphology, proliferation, and differentiation. The effects observed vary with cell culture model and the topographical features of the surface. In general, increased surface roughness is associated with decreased proliferation and increased differentiation. Cell responses to hormones, growth factors, and cytokines are altered as well, as is autocrine production of these factors. The cells interact with the surface via integrin receptors, and their expression is also surface roughness-dependent. Integrin binding to cell attachment proteins activates signal transduction cascades, including those mediated by protein kinase C and phospholipase A2. These signaling pathways are also used by regulatory factors, which results in synergistic responses. Prostaglandins are important mediators of the surface effects, and both constitutive and inducible cyclooxygenase are involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.31.1.357
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PARITY-VIOLATING ELECTRON SCATTERING AND NUCLEON STRUCTURE (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 51 (2001), S. 189-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0163-8998
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The measurement of parity violation in the helicity dependence of electron-nucleon scattering provides unique information about the basic quark structure of the nucleons. This review presents the general formalism of parity-violating electron scattering, with emphasis on elastic electron-nucleon scattering. The physics issues addressed by such experiments are discussed, and the major goals of the presently envisioned experimental program are identified. Results from a recent series of experiments are summarized and the future prospects of this program are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nucl.51.101701.132312
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NEW (AND USED) APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF FUNGAL PATHOGENICITY (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 39 (2001), S. 337-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fungi are the most economically important plant pathogens and continue to be the focus of extensive research with a wide variety of methodologies. Enhancements in microscopy techniques have increased our ability to visualize the intimate interaction of fungi and their host plants. Improving methods allow pharmacological inhibition and genetic dissection of the determinants of fungal pathogenicity in a gene-by-gene approach. Identification and analysis of genes differentially transcribed in ways pertinent to pathogenicity continues to be a frequent research approach. Genome-wide analysis is gaining favor in biological research and fungal plant pathogens are no exception. Several industrial research groups are exploring fungal plant pathogenesis based on genomic sequence data and genome-wide mutagenesis. In March 2001 the first publicly available complete genome of a filamentous fungus (Neurospora crassa) was released. N. crassa is of course a saprophyte and there is no complete sequence available for a plant pathogenic fungus in public databases. However, freely accessible entire genome sequences for both plant pathogenic fungi and their hosts are on the horizon. Sequence availability promises to revolutionize the rate at which data relevant to disease processes will be accrued. In this review we describe approaches currently applied to the study of plant pathogenic fungi and explore developments of potential future benefit with existing technologies not yet applied to this group of important organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.39.1.337
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  • 4
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    Mechanisms Involved in Osteoblast Response to Implant Surface Morphology (2001)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-01
    Print ISSN: 1531-7331
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-4118
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Annual Reviews
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  • 5
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    PARITY-VIOLATING ELECTRON SCATTERING AND NUCLEON STRUCTURE (2001)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-01
    Description: ▪ Abstract  The measurement of parity violation in the helicity dependence of electron-nucleon scattering provides unique information about the basic quark structure of the nucleons. This review presents the general formalism of parity-violating electron scattering, with emphasis on elastic electron-nucleon scattering. The physics issues addressed by such experiments are discussed, and the major goals of the presently envisioned experimental program are identified. Results from a recent series of experiments are summarized and the future prospects of this program are discussed.
    Print ISSN: 0163-8998
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-4134
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Annual Reviews
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  • 6
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    NEW (AND USED) APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF FUNGAL PATHOGENICITY (2001)
    Annual Reviews
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-01
    Description: ▪ Abstract  The fungi are the most economically important plant pathogens and continue to be the focus of extensive research with a wide variety of methodologies. Enhancements in microscopy techniques have increased our ability to visualize the intimate interaction of fungi and their host plants. Improving methods allow pharmacological inhibition and genetic dissection of the determinants of fungal pathogenicity in a gene-by-gene approach. Identification and analysis of genes differentially transcribed in ways pertinent to pathogenicity continues to be a frequent research approach. Genome-wide analysis is gaining favor in biological research and fungal plant pathogens are no exception. Several industrial research groups are exploring fungal plant pathogenesis based on genomic sequence data and genome-wide mutagenesis. In March 2001 the first publicly available complete genome of a filamentous fungus (Neurospora crassa) was released. N. crassa is of course a saprophyte and there is no complete sequence available for a plant pathogenic fungus in public databases. However, freely accessible entire genome sequences for both plant pathogenic fungi and their hosts are on the horizon. Sequence availability promises to revolutionize the rate at which data relevant to disease processes will be accrued. In this review we describe approaches currently applied to the study of plant pathogenic fungi and explore developments of potential future benefit with existing technologies not yet applied to this group of important organisms.
    Print ISSN: 0066-4286
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-2107
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Annual Reviews
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CELLULAR RESPONSES TO DNA DAMAGE (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 41 (2001), S. 367-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cells are constantly under threat from the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of DNA damaging agents. These agents can either be exogenous or formed within cells. Environmental DNA-damaging agents include UV light and ionizing radiation, as well as a variety of chemicals encountered in foodstuffs, or as air- and water-borne agents. Endogenous damaging agents include methylating species and the reactive oxygen species that arise during respiration. Although diverse responses are elicited in cells following DNA damage, this review focuses on three aspects: DNA repair mechanisms, cell cycle checkpoints, and apoptosis. Because the areas of nucleotide excision repair and mismatch repair have been covered extensively in recent reviews (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), we restrict our coverage of the DNA repair field to base excision repair and DNA double-strand break repair.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.367
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CHAPERONIN-MEDIATED PROTEIN FOLDING (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 30 (2001), S. 245-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Molecular chaperones are required to assist folding of a subset of proteins in Escherichia coli. We describe a conceptual framework for understanding how the GroEL-GroES system assists misfolded proteins to reach their native states. The architecture of GroEL consists of double toroids stacked back-to-back. However, most of the fundamentals of the GroEL action can be described in terms of the single ring. A key idea in our framework is that, with coordinated ATP hydrolysis and GroES binding, GroEL participates actively by repeatedly unfolding the substrate protein (SP), provided that it is trapped in one of the misfolded states. We conjecture that the unfolding of SP becomes possible because a stretching force is transmitted to the SP when the GroEL particle undergoes allosteric transitions. Force-induced unfolding of the SP puts it on a higher free-energy point in the multidimensional energy landscape from which the SP can either reach the native conformation with some probability or be trapped in one of the competing basins of attraction (i.e., the SP undergoes kinetic partitioning). The model shows, in a natural way, that the time scales in the dynamics of the allosteric transitions are intimately coupled to folding rates of the SP. Several scenarios for chaperonin-assisted folding emerge depending on the interplay of the time scales governing the cycle. Further refinement of this framework may be necessary because single molecule experiments indicate that there is a great dispersion in the time scales governing the dynamics of the chaperonin cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.30.1.245
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CELLULAR FUNCTION OF PHOSPHOINOSITIDE 3-KINASES: Implications for Development, Immunity, Homeostasis, and Cancer (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 17 (2001), S. 615-675 
    Details
    ISSN: 1081-0706
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family of enzymes is recruited upon growth factor receptor activation and produces 3' phosphoinositide lipids. The lipid products of PI3K act as second messengers by binding to and activating diverse cellular target proteins. These events constitute the start of a complex signaling cascade, which ultimately results in the mediation of cellular activities such as proliferation, differentiation, chemotaxis, survival, trafficking, and glucose homeostasis. Therefore, PI3Ks play a central role in many cellular functions. The factors that determine which cellular function is mediated are complex and may be partly attributed to the diversity that exists at each level of the PI3K signaling cascade, such as the type of stimulus, the isoform of PI3K, or the nature of the second messenger lipids. Numerous studies have helped to elucidate some of the key factors that determine cell fate in the context of PI3K signaling. For example, the past two years has seen the publication of many transgenic and knockout mouse studies where either PI3K or its signaling components are deregulated. These models have helped to build a picture of the role of PI3K in physiology and indeed there have been a number of surprises. This review uses such models as a framework to build a profile of PI3K function within both the cell and the organism and focuses, in particular, on the role of PI3K in cell regulation, immunity, and development. The evidence for the role of deregulated PI3K signaling in diseases such as cancer and diabetes is reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.615
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MATERIALS FOR NON-VIRAL GENE DELIVERY (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 31 (2001), S. 25-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Novel therapeutic strategies can be envisioned based on altering the expression level of target genes involved in cellular processes and disease progression; however, our ability to efficiently manipulate gene expression is limited. Non-viralbased gene therapy provides a relatively safe approach to increase or decrease the expression of a specific gene using DNA or antisense sequences; however, synthetic systems are required to direct plasmids and oligonucleotides to a specific tissue and to enhance cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking. Numerous materials are being developed that interact with DNA to enhance its properties (e.g. stability, charge density) and thus direct its biodistribution and facilitate cellular interactions. The development of synthetic delivery systems to manipulate gene expression efficiently is a powerful tool that will ultimately lead to novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of numerous disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.31.1.25
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