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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SKUTTERUDITES: A Phonon-Glass-Electron Crystal Approach to Advanced Thermoelectric Energy Conversion Applications (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 29 (1999), S. 89-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Recently there has been a resurgence of research efforts related to the investigation of new and novel materials for small-scale thermoelectric refrigeration and power generation applications. These materials need to couple and optimize a variety of properties in order to exhibit the necessary figure of merit, i.e. the numerical expression that is commonly used to compare one potential thermoelectric material with another. The figure of merit is related to the coefficient of performance or efficiency of a particular device made from a material. The best thermoelectric material should possess thermal properties similar to that of a glass and electrical properties similar to that of a perfect single-crystal material, i.e. a poor thermal conductor and a good electrical conductor. Skutterudites are materials that appear to have the potential to fulfill such criteria. These materials exhibit many types of interesting properties. For example, skutterudites are members of a family of compounds we call open structure or cage-like, materials. When atoms are placed into the interstitial voids or cages of these materials, the lattice thermal conductivity can be substantially reduced compared with that of unfilled skutterudites. These compounds exhibit electrical properties ranging from that of low-temperature superconductors to narrow gap semiconductors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.matsci.29.1.89
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strain typing among enterococci isolated from home-made Pecorino Sardo cheese (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 170 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Three molecular techniques (RAPD-polymerase chain reaction analysis, plasmid profile and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) were used for a preliminary approach to type, at strain level, enterococci isolated from a 24-h-old home-made Pecorino Sardo (protected designation of origin) cheese. A high genetic polymorphism was found. Clusters obtained by the RAPD technique and plasmid profile analysis contained different strains. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis proved to be an efficient and highly reproducible typing method. In addition, by combining the results from plasmid profile analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, it was possible to identify closely related strains probably belonging to the same clonal lineage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13351.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The opcA and ΨopcB regions in Neisseria: genes, pseudogenes, deletions, insertion elements and DNA islands (1999)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 33 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Previous data have indicated that the opc gene encoding an immunogenic invasin is specific to Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) and is lacking in Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng). The data presented here show that Nm and Ng both contain two paralogous opc-like genes, opcA, corresponding to the former opc gene, and ΨopcB, a pseudogene. The predicted OpcA and OpcB proteins possess transmembrane regions with conserved non-polar faces but differ extensively in four of the five surface-exposed loops. Gonococcal OpcA was expressed weakly under in vitro conditions, and it is unknown whether these bacteria can express this protein at high levels. Analysis of the sequences flanking opcA and ΨopcB revealed a framework of conserved housekeeping genes interspersed with DNA islands. These regions also contained several pseudogenes, deletions and IS elements, attesting to considerable genome plasticity. Both opcA and ΨopcB are located on DNA islands that have probably been imported from unrelated bacteria. A third island encodes the dcmD/dcrD R/M genes in Ng versus a small open reading frame in most strains of Nm. Rare strains of Nm were identified in which the R/M island has been imported. DNA islands in Nm and Ng seem to have been acquired by recombination via conserved flanking housekeeping genes rather than by insertion of mobile genetic elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01514.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recombination and clonal groupings within Helicobacter pylori from different geographical regions[Authors' n] (1999)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 32 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A collection of 20 strains of Helicobacter pylori from several regions of the world was studied to better understand the population genetic structure and diversity of this species. Sequences of fragments from seven housekeeping genes (atpA, efp, mutY, ppa, trpC, ureI, yphC ) and two virulence-associated genes (cagA, vacA) showed high levels of synonymous sequence variation (mean percentage Ks of 10–27%) and lower levels of non-synonymous variation (mean percentage Ka of 0.2–5.6%). Cluster analysis of pairwise differences between alleles revealed the existence of two weakly clonal groupings, which included half of the strains investigated. All six strains isolated from Japanese and coastal Chinese were assigned to the ‘Asian’ clonal grouping, probably reflecting descent from a distinct common ancestor. The clonal groupings were not totally uniform; recombination, as measured by the homoplasy test and compatibility matrices, was extremely common within all genes tested, except cagA. The fact that clonal descent could still be discerned despite such frequent recombination possibly reflects founder effects and geographical separation and/or selection for particular alleles of these genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01382.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conformational flexibility in calcitonin: The dynamic properties of human and salmon calcitonin in solution (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of biomolecular NMR 13 (1999), S. 161-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5001
    Keywords: calcitonin ; conformational flexibility ; DYANA ; helix chirality ; molecular dynamics ; torsion-angle dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the dynamic properties of human (h) and salmon (s) calcitonin (CT) in solution. For both hormones, distance geometry in torsion-angle space has been used to generate three-dimensional structures consistent with NMR data obtained in sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles. For sCT and hCT we used, respectively, 356 and 275 interproton distances together with hydrogen-bonds as restraints. To better characterize their flexibility and dynamic properties two fully unrestrained 1100-ps molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in methanol were performed on the lowest-energy structures of both hormones. Statistical analyses of average geometric parameters and of their fluctuations performed in the last 1000 ps of the MD run show typical helical values for residues 9–19 of sCT during the whole trajectory. For hCT a shorter helix was observed involving residues 13–21, with a constant helical region in the range 13–19. Angular order parameters S(φ) and S(ψ) indicate that hCT exhibits a higher flexibility, distributed along the whole chain, including the helix, while the only flexible amino acid residues in sCT connect three well-defined domains. Finally, our study shows that simulated annealing in torsion-angle space can efficiently be extended to NMR-based three-dimensional structure calculations of helical polypeptides. Furthermore, provided that a sufficient number of NMR restraints describes the system, the method allows the detection of equilibria in solution. This identification occurs through the generation of 'spurious' high-energy structures, which, for right-handed α-helices, are likely to be represented by left-handed α-helices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008365322148
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extraction and Clean-Up Method for the Determination of Twenty Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Tomatoes by GLC-ECD (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 619-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Organochlorine compounds ; pesticides ; food analysis ; tomatoes ; GLC-ECD ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A method is described for the simultaneous extraction and determination of twenty organochlorine pesticides residues [hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers (α, β, γ, δ), aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor and its epoxide (HE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-endosulfan, o,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDT, dicofol, methoxychlor, and mirex] that were spiked in tomatoes. Samples were extracted with ethyl acetate, and the extract was subjected to a rapid clean-up using a Florisil column. The residues were determined by GLC-ECD using two columns of different polarity. The calibration graph correlation coefficient ranged from 0.9903 to 0.9990. The recoveries ranged from 95 to 99% with relative standard deviation ranging from 0.5 to 14.7% in the concentration range 0.005 to 0.2 μg/g. The limits of detection ranged from 0.004 to 0.05 μg/g and the limits of quantification ranged from 0.005 to 0.174 μg/g.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the Specific Migration of DEHP into Food Simulants Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 70-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC ; di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate ; migration ; foods and food simulants ; PVC cling film ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of a Methodology for the Identification of Volatiles in Industrial Adhesive Formulations by GC/MS with Manual Headspace Sampling (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 477-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Adhesives ; GC/MS ; headspace analysis ; poly(vinyl acetate) ; volatile organic compounds ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential accumulation of soluble amyloid β peptides 1–40 and 1–42 in human monocytic and neuroblastoma cell lines (1999)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 298 (1999), S. 225-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Alzheimer's disease Aging Microglia Neuron Dementia Cell culture Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the massive deposition in the brain of the 40–42-residue amyloid β protein (Aβ). While Aβ1–40 predominates in the vascular system, Aβ1–42 is the major component of the senile plaques in the neuropil. The concentration of both Aβ species required to form amyloid fibrils in vitro is micromolar, yet soluble Aβs found in normal and AD brains are in the low nanomolar range. It has been recently proposed that the levels of Aβ sufficient to trigger amyloidogenesis may be reached intracellularly. To study the internalization and intracellular accumulation of the major isoforms of Aβ, we used THP-1 and IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells as models of human monocytic and/or macrophagic and neuronal lineages, respectively. We tested whether these cells were able to internalize and accumulate 125I-Aβ1–40 and 125I-Aβ1–42 differentially when offered at nanomolar concentrations and free of large aggregates, conditions that mimic a prefibrillar stage of Aβ in AD brain. Our results showed that THP-1 monocytic cells internalized at least 10 times more 125I-Aβs than IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells, either isolated or in a coculture system. Moreover, 125I-Aβ1–42 presented a higher adsorption, internalization, and accumulation of undigested peptide inside cells, as opposed to 125I-Aβ1–40. These results support that Aβ1–42, the major pathogenic form in AD, may reach supersaturation and generate competent nuclei for amyloid fibril formation intracellularly. In light of the recently reported strong neurotoxicity of soluble, nonfibrillar Aβ1–42, we propose that intracellular amyloidogenesis in microglia is a protective mechanism that may delay neurodegeneration at early stages of the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004419900109
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  • 10
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    Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague, is a recently emerged clone of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (1999)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-11-23
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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