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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Natural selection in the laboratory for a change in resistance byDrosophila melanogaster to the parasitoid waspAsobara tabida (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 9 (1996), S. 477-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Drosophila ; behavior ; polymorphism ; parasitoid wasp ; host defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The selection response of the polymorphic hostD. melanogaster (Meigen) to the braconid waspA. tabida (Nees) is addressed. Cages of flies with and without wasps were initiated with a population ofD. melanogaster that exhibited variation both in larval foraging behavior and in encapsulation ability. Encapsulation ability was measured as the proportion of parasitized larvae that produce a hardened capsule which encapsulates the wasp egg and ultimately kills the wasp larva. We determined whether the host population changed its encapsulation ability and/or its foraging behavior in response to the wasp. Both species were collected from a local orchard whereA. tabida is the only wasp known to parasitizeD. melanogaster larvae. The naturally occurring genetic polymorphism for rover and sitter larval foraging behavior inD. melanogaster is also found in this field population.A. tabida's vibrotactic search behavior enables it to detect rover more frequently than sitter larvae. Rover larvae move significantly more while feeding than do sitter larvae. In this field population, rover larvae also show higher encapsulation abilities than do sitter larvae. Six cage populations, three without wasps and three with wasps, each containing an equal mixture of rover and sitter flies, were established in the laboratory and maintained for 19 fly generations. Selection pressure in the laboratory was similar to that found in the field population from which the flies and wasps were derived. We found that larvae from cages with wasps developed a significantly higher frequency of encapsulation than those reared without wasps. We were, however, unable to detect a change in larval movement (rover or sitter behavior) in larvae from cages subject to selection from wasps compared to larvae from cages containing no wasps. This may have resulted from a balance between two selective forces, selection against rovers by the wasps' use of vibrotaxis, and selection for rovers resulting from their increased encapsulation abilities
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02214024
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ring of upper triangular invariants as a module over the Dickson invariants (1996)
    Springer
    Mathematische Annalen 306 (1996), S. 429-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1807
    Keywords: 13F20 ; 13F15 ; 15A72 ; 20G40 ; 20C99
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01445259
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermometry of an oxy-acetylene flame using multiplex degenerate four-wave mixing of C2 (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 39-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 33.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Thermometry of an oxy-acetylene flame using multiplex Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (DFWM) of C2 is demonstrated. More than 100 rotational transitions in thed 3 Π g ←a 3 Π u (0,0) Swan band of C2 could be recorded simultaneously by use of a pulsed, broad bandwidth “modeless” laser. Temperatures were inferred by fitting temperature-dependent synthetic spectra of single- or multiple-shot averaged spectra. The strength and reliability of recorded signals together with the large number of rotational lines observed suggest that multiplex DFWM is a promising technique for minor species detection and for temporally resolved temperature measurements in luminous environments. Factors influencing the accuracy and precision of single-shot thermometry using the technique are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081245
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microcosm investigations into the influence of sheep manure on the behaviour of the geophagous earthworms Aporrectodea trapezoides and Microscolex dubius (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Earthworms ; Burrowing behaviour ; Food location ; Aporrectodea Microscolex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments was conducted over 96 h in 240-mm-deep soil microcosms, to assess the effect of the presence and distribution of sheep manure over the soil surface on the vertical and horizontal distribution of burrows and numbers of the earthworms Aporrectodea trapezoides and Microscolex dubius. Within some microcosms the dung was placed on half of the soil surface and this caused aggregation, with over two-thirds of the earthworms being found in the soil directly under the manure. The presence of surface-applied sheep manure caused both species to aggregate in the surface soil. In contrast, without manure, A. trapezoides was evenly distributed throughout the soil profile while M. dubius aggregated in the deeper soil. The pattern of burrow construction was also influenced by the presence of surface manure. In the absence of manure, burrows of both species were evenly distributed through the soil, but in the presence of surface manure M. dubius constructed proportionally more burrows close to the surface. Both species constructed approximately twice the burrow area in the absence than in the presence of surface manure. For both species the daily rate of burrow construction decreased over the experimental period. From these data we inferred that there was more widespread and active foraging behaviour in both species when organic food material was scarce. M. dubius differed from A. trapezoides in that it more strongly concentrated foraging activity in the vicinity of the manure food source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384435
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Split-step fourier methods applied to model nonlinear refractive effects in optically thick media (1996)
    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 389-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 02.60.Cb ; 02.70.-c ; 42.10 ; 42.25.Bs ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We describe and example the Beam Propagation Method (BPM) used to model and simulate nonlinear refractive and absorptive effects in materials with applications to optical limiting and switching. Various scenarios including laser-beam trapping and laser-beam division are investigated, in order to demonstrate the power of the BPM. A novel technique is also described for efficiently modelling the external far-field propagation from nonlinear media, including the propagation of non-Gaussian-shaped spatial profiles. The methods are finally combined with the phenomenon of nonlinear absorption to demonstrate enhanced power limiting in the presence of self-refraction. Optimal parameters for high-fluence power-limiting are subsequently discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01081201
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of the src-Related Protein Tyrosine Kinases (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 247-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Tyrosine kinases — Protein — Phylogenetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. A phylogenetic analysis of src-related protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) showed that one group of these genes is quite ancient in the animals, its divergence predating the divergence of the diploblast and triploblast phyla. Three other major groupings of genes were found to predate the divergence of protostome and deuterostome phyla. Most known src-related PTKs of mammals were found to belong to five well-differentiated families: srcA, srcB, abl, csk, and tec. One srcA gene (fyn) has an alternatively spliced seventh exon which shows a different pattern of relationship from the remainder of the gene; this suggests that this exon may have been derived by a recombinational event with another gene, perhaps one related to fgr. The recently published claim that mammalian members of this family expressed in the nervous system evolve more slowly at nonsynonymous nucleotide sites than do those expressed in the immune system was not supported by an analysis of 13 pairs of human and mouse orthologues. Rather, T-cell-specific src-related PTKs were found to have higher rates of nonsynonymous substitution than were those having broader expression. This effect was particularly marked in the peptide binding site of the SH2 domain. While the SH2 binding site was highly conserved among paralogous mammalian members of the srcA and srcB subfamilies, no such effect was seen in the comparison of paralogous members of the csk and tec subfamilies. This suggests that, while the peptide binding function of SH2 is conserved within both srcA and srcB subfamilies, paralogous members of the csk and tec subfamilies have diverged functionally with respect to peptide recognition by SH2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02198851
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Dimorphic Alu Sb-Like Insertion in COL3A1 Is Ethnic-Specific (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 117-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Alu sequence — Retrotransposon — SINES — Repetitive DNA — Collagen gene — Polymorphism — Population studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Alu elements are a class of repetitive DNA sequences found throughout the human genome that are thought to be duplicated via an RNA intermediate in a process termed retroposition. Recently inserted Alu elements are closely related, suggesting that they are derived from a single source gene or closely related source genes. Analysis of the type III collagen gene (COL3A1) revealed a polymorphic Alu insertion in intron 8 of the gene. The Alu insertion in the COL3A1 gene had a high degree of nucleotide identity to the Sb family of Alu elements, a family of older Alu elements. The Alu sequence was less similar to the consensus sequence for the PV or Sb2 subfamilies, subfamilies of recently inserted Alu elements. These data support the observations that at least three source genes are active in the human genome, one of which is distinct from the PV and Sb2 subfamilies and predates either of these two subfamilies. Appearance of the Alu insertion in different ethnic populations suggests that the insertion may have occurred in the last 100,000 years. This Alu insert should be a useful marker for population studies and for marking COL3A1 alleles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02198836
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A dimorphic Alu Sb-like insertion in COL3A1 is ethnic-specific (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 117-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Alu sequence ; Retrotransposon ; SINES ; Repetitive DNA ; Collagen gene ; Polymorphism ; Population studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Alu elements are a class of repetitive DNA sequences found throughout the human genome that are thought to be duplicated via an RNA intermediate in a process termed retroposition. Recently inserted Alu elements are closely related, suggesting that they are derived from a single source gene or closely related source genes. Analysis of the type III collagen gene (COL3A1) revealed a polymorphic Alu insertion in intron 8 of the gene. The Alu insertion in the COL3A1 gene had a high degree of nucleotide identity to the Sb family of Alu elements, a family of older Alu elements. The Alu sequence was less similar to the consensus sequence for the PV or Sb2 subfamilies, subfamilies of recently inserted Alu elements. These data support the observations that at least three source genes are active in the human genome, one of which is distinct from the PV and Sb2 subfamilies and predates either of these two subfamilies. Appearance of the Alu insertion in different ethnic populations suggests that the insertion may have occurred in the last 100,000 years. This Alu insert should be a useful marker for population studies and for marking COL3A1 alleles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02198836
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of thesrc-related protein tyrosine kinases (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 247-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Tyrosine kinases ; Protein ; Phylogenetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A phylogenetic analysis ofsrc-related protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) showed that one group of these genes is quite ancient in the animals, its divergence predating the divergence of the diploblast and triploblast phyla. Three other major groupings of genes were found to predate the divergence of protostome and deuterostome phyla. Most knownsrc-related PTKs of mammals were found to belong to five well-differentiated families: srcA, srcB, abl, csk, and tec. One srcA gene (fyn) has an alternatively spliced seventh exon which shows a different pattern of relationship from the remainder of the gene; this suggests that this exon may have been derived by a recombinational event with another gene, perhaps one related tofgr. The recently published claim that mammalian members of this family expressed in the nervous system evolve more slowly at nonsynonymous nucleotide sites than do those expressed in the immune system was not supported by an analysis of 13 pairs of human and mouse orthologues. Rather, T-cell-specificsrc-related PTKs were found to have higher rates of nonsynonymous substitution than were those having broader expression. This effect was particularly marked in the peptide binding site of the SH2 domain. While the SH2 binding site was highly conserved among paralogous mammalian members of the srcA and srcB subfamilies, no such effect was seen in the comparison of paralogous members of the csk and tec subfamilies. This suggests that, while the peptide binding function of SH2 is conserved within both srcA and srcB subfamilies, paralogous members of the csk and tec subfamilies have diverged functionally with respect to peptide recognition by SH2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02198851
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gene duplication and recombination in the evolution of mammalian Fc receptors (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 43 (1996), S. 4-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Fc receptors ; Gene duplication ; Gene recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The immunoglobulin-related chains of cell-surface receptors for the Fc region of immunoglobulins (FCERIα, FcγRI, FcγRII, and FcγRIIIα) are encoded by members of a gene family. Phylogenetic analysis of representative members of this family from mammals revealed that FcγRIIIα genes of human, mouse, and rat are not orthologous to one another in the region of the gene encoding the Immunoglobulin C2-set domains. In phylogenetic trees of this region, FcγRIIIα and FcγRII clustered together. However, in trees based on both coding and noncoding regions 5′ and 3′ to the C2 domains, FcγRIIIα genes of human, mouse, and rat clustered together. This pattern of relationship is most easily explained as a result of two independent recombinational events occurring in the mouse and rat after these two species diverged, in each of which the exons encoding the C2 domains were donated to an FcγRIIIα gene by an FcγRII gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02352293
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