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  • 1
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    British Oceanographic Data Centre
    In:  EPIC3Merseyside, United Kingdom, British Oceanographic Data Centre
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
    Format: application/zip
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The chemical educator 1 (1996), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1430-4171
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chemistry textbooks have traditionally offered a variety of reasons why the study of chemistry is important to citizens of the modern world. This paper presents an approach that encourages students to create their own reasons why chemistry is important, not only to themselves, but for the greater good of the community. The approach was tested on a group of 20 tenth-grade honors chemistry students at a private college-preparatory school in Hawaii. The results show that a strong majority (15) of the students in the class reported that the approach helped them understand the connection between chemistry, themselves, and their community.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Life-history variation was studied in three sympatric species of Stylopoma Levinsen [S. spongites (Pallas), S. projecta Canu and Bassler and Stylopoma n. sp. 15] in Panamá. Bryozoan colonies were collected from 27 reefs along 300 km of the Caribbean coast of Panamá. The distribution and abundance of each species were very patchy, but with broad overlap in occurrence among localities and depths. Nevertheless, species differed considerably in colony size, size at first reproduction and numbers of brooding larvae; implying that interspecific differences in life-history traits may contribute to their coexistence. To examine closely this variation in life-history patterns, we grew, in a common garden experiment, the offspring of the two most common species that were obtained from parent colonies collected from several reefs. There were highly significant differences in growth rates and the timing and extent of sexual reproduction which corresponded well to patterns observed in individuals from the field. Other factors, including size of larvae, extent of secondary zooidal calcification and numbers of avicularia were also correlated with differences in life histories. Despite this additional complexity, however, ecological consequences of trade-offs in life history among modular species such as Stylopoma spp. appear very similar to those among unitary species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematische Annalen 306 (1996), S. 429-443 
    ISSN: 1432-1807
    Keywords: 13F20 ; 13F15 ; 15A72 ; 20G40 ; 20C99
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 43 (1996), S. 4-10 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Fc receptors ; Gene duplication ; Gene recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The immunoglobulin-related chains of cell-surface receptors for the Fc region of immunoglobulins (FCERIα, FcγRI, FcγRII, and FcγRIIIα) are encoded by members of a gene family. Phylogenetic analysis of representative members of this family from mammals revealed that FcγRIIIα genes of human, mouse, and rat are not orthologous to one another in the region of the gene encoding the Immunoglobulin C2-set domains. In phylogenetic trees of this region, FcγRIIIα and FcγRII clustered together. However, in trees based on both coding and noncoding regions 5′ and 3′ to the C2 domains, FcγRIIIα genes of human, mouse, and rat clustered together. This pattern of relationship is most easily explained as a result of two independent recombinational events occurring in the mouse and rat after these two species diverged, in each of which the exons encoding the C2 domains were donated to an FcγRIIIα gene by an FcγRII gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 247-256 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Tyrosine kinases — Protein — Phylogenetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. A phylogenetic analysis of src-related protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) showed that one group of these genes is quite ancient in the animals, its divergence predating the divergence of the diploblast and triploblast phyla. Three other major groupings of genes were found to predate the divergence of protostome and deuterostome phyla. Most known src-related PTKs of mammals were found to belong to five well-differentiated families: srcA, srcB, abl, csk, and tec. One srcA gene (fyn) has an alternatively spliced seventh exon which shows a different pattern of relationship from the remainder of the gene; this suggests that this exon may have been derived by a recombinational event with another gene, perhaps one related to fgr. The recently published claim that mammalian members of this family expressed in the nervous system evolve more slowly at nonsynonymous nucleotide sites than do those expressed in the immune system was not supported by an analysis of 13 pairs of human and mouse orthologues. Rather, T-cell-specific src-related PTKs were found to have higher rates of nonsynonymous substitution than were those having broader expression. This effect was particularly marked in the peptide binding site of the SH2 domain. While the SH2 binding site was highly conserved among paralogous mammalian members of the srcA and srcB subfamilies, no such effect was seen in the comparison of paralogous members of the csk and tec subfamilies. This suggests that, while the peptide binding function of SH2 is conserved within both srcA and srcB subfamilies, paralogous members of the csk and tec subfamilies have diverged functionally with respect to peptide recognition by SH2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 117-123 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Alu sequence ; Retrotransposon ; SINES ; Repetitive DNA ; Collagen gene ; Polymorphism ; Population studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Alu elements are a class of repetitive DNA sequences found throughout the human genome that are thought to be duplicated via an RNA intermediate in a process termed retroposition. Recently inserted Alu elements are closely related, suggesting that they are derived from a single source gene or closely related source genes. Analysis of the type III collagen gene (COL3A1) revealed a polymorphic Alu insertion in intron 8 of the gene. The Alu insertion in the COL3A1 gene had a high degree of nucleotide identity to the Sb family of Alu elements, a family of older Alu elements. The Alu sequence was less similar to the consensus sequence for the PV or Sb2 subfamilies, subfamilies of recently inserted Alu elements. These data support the observations that at least three source genes are active in the human genome, one of which is distinct from the PV and Sb2 subfamilies and predates either of these two subfamilies. Appearance of the Alu insertion in different ethnic populations suggests that the insertion may have occurred in the last 100,000 years. This Alu insert should be a useful marker for population studies and for marking COL3A1 alleles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 247-256 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Tyrosine kinases ; Protein ; Phylogenetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A phylogenetic analysis ofsrc-related protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) showed that one group of these genes is quite ancient in the animals, its divergence predating the divergence of the diploblast and triploblast phyla. Three other major groupings of genes were found to predate the divergence of protostome and deuterostome phyla. Most knownsrc-related PTKs of mammals were found to belong to five well-differentiated families: srcA, srcB, abl, csk, and tec. One srcA gene (fyn) has an alternatively spliced seventh exon which shows a different pattern of relationship from the remainder of the gene; this suggests that this exon may have been derived by a recombinational event with another gene, perhaps one related tofgr. The recently published claim that mammalian members of this family expressed in the nervous system evolve more slowly at nonsynonymous nucleotide sites than do those expressed in the immune system was not supported by an analysis of 13 pairs of human and mouse orthologues. Rather, T-cell-specificsrc-related PTKs were found to have higher rates of nonsynonymous substitution than were those having broader expression. This effect was particularly marked in the peptide binding site of the SH2 domain. While the SH2 binding site was highly conserved among paralogous mammalian members of the srcA and srcB subfamilies, no such effect was seen in the comparison of paralogous members of the csk and tec subfamilies. This suggests that, while the peptide binding function of SH2 is conserved within both srcA and srcB subfamilies, paralogous members of the csk and tec subfamilies have diverged functionally with respect to peptide recognition by SH2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 117-123 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Alu sequence — Retrotransposon — SINES — Repetitive DNA — Collagen gene — Polymorphism — Population studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Alu elements are a class of repetitive DNA sequences found throughout the human genome that are thought to be duplicated via an RNA intermediate in a process termed retroposition. Recently inserted Alu elements are closely related, suggesting that they are derived from a single source gene or closely related source genes. Analysis of the type III collagen gene (COL3A1) revealed a polymorphic Alu insertion in intron 8 of the gene. The Alu insertion in the COL3A1 gene had a high degree of nucleotide identity to the Sb family of Alu elements, a family of older Alu elements. The Alu sequence was less similar to the consensus sequence for the PV or Sb2 subfamilies, subfamilies of recently inserted Alu elements. These data support the observations that at least three source genes are active in the human genome, one of which is distinct from the PV and Sb2 subfamilies and predates either of these two subfamilies. Appearance of the Alu insertion in different ethnic populations suggests that the insertion may have occurred in the last 100,000 years. This Alu insert should be a useful marker for population studies and for marking COL3A1 alleles.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have previously found association between an allele of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist gene (IL1RN) and several inflammatory diseases, where IL-1 has been implicated in the inflammatory mechanism. We have now, therefore, tested the association of this specific allele (IL1RN*2) with complications of diabetes which have an inflammatory tissue component. We have tested the allele frequency of IL1RN*2 in 128 patients with insulin-dependent and 125 with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). There was a significant association between carriage of IL1RN*2 and diabetic nephropathy (P 〈 0.0001, P corrected 〈 0.0012). The association was significant in both types of diabetes, but the observed increase was highest in NIDDM, rising to double the control levels. It appears that IL1RN*2 is a novel genetic marker of severity of inflammatory complications of diseases rather than a marker of disease susceptibility. If the DNA polymorphism is associated with altered gene function, new therapeutic interventions may be possible.
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