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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    α-Melanotropin and β-Endorphin Immunoreactivity in Different Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 680 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb19731.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    β-Endorphin and ACTH Receptors in Skeletal Muscles in Diabetes Mellitus (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 680 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb19733.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of POMC Peptides in Motor Nerves in Diabetes Mellitus (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 680 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb19732.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell differentiation of Proteus mirabilis is initiated by glutamine, a specific chemoattractant for swarming cells (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 8 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Swarming by Proteus mirabilis involves differentiation of typical short vegetative rods into filamentous hyper-flagellated swarm cells which undergo cycles of rapid and co-ordinated population migration across surfaces and exhibit high levels of virulence gene expression. By supplementing a minimal growth medium (MGM) unable to support swarming migration we identified a single amino acid, glutamine, as sufficient to signal initiation of cell differentiation and migration. Bacteria isolated from the migrating edge of colonies grown for 8h with glutamine as the only amino acid were filamentous and synthesized the characteristic high levels of flagellin and haemolysin. In contrast, addition of the other 19 common amino acids (excluding glutamine) individually or in combination did not initiate differentiation even after 24 h, cells remaining typical vegetative rods with basal levels of haemolysin and flagellin. The glutamine analogue γ-glutamyl hydroxamate (GH) inhibited swarming but not growth of P. mirabilis on glutamine MGM and transposon mutants defective in glutamine uptake retained their response to glutamine signalling and its inhibition by GH, suggesting that differentiation signalling by glutamine may be transduced independently of the cellular glutamine transport system. Levels of mRNA transcribed from the haemolysin (hpmA) and flagellin (fliC) genes were low in vegetative cells grown on MGM without glutamine or with glutamine and GH, but were specifically increased c. 40-fold during glutamine-dependent differentiation. In liquid glutamine—MGM cultures, differentiation to filamentous hyper-flagellated hyper-haemorytic swarm cells occurred early in the exponential phase of growth, and increased concomitantly with the concentration of glutamine from a 0.1 mM threshold up to 10 mM. Differentiation in liquid culture was completely inhibited by GH but was further stimulated c. 30% in the absence of GH by the viscosity agent polyvinylpy-rollidone (PVP). Chemotaxis assays of bacterial cells in which the viscosity of liquid media was varied by PVP to allow either swimming or swarming motility demonstrated that glutamine was chemoattractive specifically to differentiated swarming cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01202.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ATPase activity and ATP/ADP-induced conformational change in the soluble domain of the bacterial protein translocator HlyB (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 8 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The haemolysin exporter HlyB and its homologues are central to the unconventional signal-peptide-independent secretion of toxins, proteases and nodulation proteins by bacteria. HlyB is a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) or traffic ATPase superfamily, and resembles closely in structure and function mammalian exporters such as the multidrug-resistance P-glycoprotein, combining both integral membrane and cytosolic domains. Overproduction of the HlyB cytopiasmic domain as a C -terminal peptide fused to glutathione S-transferase allowed the direct affinity purification and concentration of 30-50 mg ml−1 of soluble protein (GST-Bctp) in an apparently dimeric form possessing both transferase and ATPase activity. GST-Bctp bound to ADP-agarose and was eluted specifically by ATP and ADP, affinity behaviour which was confirmed in both the full-length HlyB and the unfused HlyB cytoplasmic domain synthesized in vitro. The stoichiometry of binding to MgATP and MgADP was close to equimolar and both ligands induced substantial conformational change in the protein. Mg2+ -dependent ATPase activity of GST-Bctp Vmax 17mu;mol min−1 mg−1, Km 0.2 mM) was comparable with the activity of the bacterial importer MalK and human P-glycoprotein reconstituted into proteoliposomes, and over an order of magnitude higher than in vitro measurements of disaggregated MalK purified from inclusion bodies. Activity was unaffected by inhibitors of F- and V-type ATPases, non-hydrolysable ATP analogues, or translocation substrate, but was severely inhibited by inhibitors of E1E2 (P-type) ATPases, and the acidic phospholipid phosphatidyl glycerol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01661.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and translation elongation rate are sensitive to the concentration of EF-Tu (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 8 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have used quantitative immunoblotting to estimate the amount of EF-Tu in a variety of S. typhimurium strains with wild-type, mutant, insertionally inactivated or plasmid-borne tuf genes. In the same strains we have measured translation elongation rate, exponential growth rate and the level of nonsense codon readthrough. In the wild-type strain, at moderate to fast growth rates, our data show that EF-Tu makes up 8–9% of total cell protein. Strains with either of the tuf genes insertionally inactivated have 65% of the wild-type EF-Tu level, irrespective of which tuf gene remains active, or whether that gene is wild-type or a kirromycin-resistant mutant. Strains with only one active tuf gene have reduced growth and translation elongation rates. From the magnitude of the reduction in elongation rate relative to the level of EF-Tu we calculate that in glucose minimal medium the in vivo saturation level of wild-type ribosomes by ternary complexes is only 63%. Strains with a ribosome mutation causing a poor interaction with ternary complex are non-viable on minimal medium when the level of EF-Tu is reduced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01619.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of Mitosis and Cytokinesis In the Colorless Flagellate Katablepharis Ovalis Skuja (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 40 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Mitosis and cytokinesis in Katablepharis ovalis, a colorless flagellate, was investigated. Two new flagella are produced prior to prophase, resulting in a motile quadriflagellate cell during mitosis. the inner array of microtubules of the feeding apparatus disappears before prophase begins. the nuclear envelope disperses during prophase, apparently being converted into rough endoplasmic reticulum. the chromatin condenses and the nucleolus disperses with spindle microtubules appearing oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cell. At metaphase, the chromatin is condensed as a single disc-shaped mass and rough endoplasmic reticulum flanks the chromatin mass on each side. Groups of spindle microtubules pass through tunnels in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and through electron-translucent areas of the chromatin. the spindle microtubules end at a number of minipoles in the cytoplasm. Vesicles, ribosomes, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum migrate among the spindle microtubules. There is no polar body or any electrondense area associated with the spindle poles. the basal bodies of the flagella remain attached to the axonemes and do not participate in mitosis. In anaphase, the chromatin separates and migrates to the poles. During telophase, the nuclear envelope reforms from the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleoli reappear. the spindle microtubules are persistent during telophase. Cytokinesis occurs by longitudinal fission, starting at the anterior end and progressing posteriorly. Cytokinesis may be driven by elongation of the spindle microtubules since there is no visible structure associated with the furrowing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1993.tb04931.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical and biological pathways in the bacterial oxidation of arsenopyrite (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology reviews 11 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6976
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract: A moderately thermophilic mixed culture of bacteria catalysed the oxidative solubilization of arsenopyrite to give Fe(III), S(VI) and As(V). Toxic effects were observed in a few experiments due to teh build-up of As(III). The bacterial oxidation of arsenopyrite involved direct attack of the bacteria on the mineral to give AS(III). Subsequent oxidation of AS(III) to AS(V) occurred reaction with FE(III), but only in the presence of pyrite, which provide a catalytic surface. Arsenopyrite was unable to act as a catalyst. The pyrite- catalysed oxidation of As(III) to AS(V) by FE(III) usually only went to completion in the presence of bacteria, possibly due to their role in the provision of clean catalytic surfaces. Thus, toxic concentrations of As(III) may accumulate in reactors during the bacterial oxidation of arsenopyrite due to the absence of pyrite or a clean pyrite surface or to low concentrations of the effective oxidizing agent, Fe(III).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1993.tb00267.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Loss of activity in the secreted form of Escherichia coli haemolysin caused by an rfaP lesion in core lipopolysaccharide assembly (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 10 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A transposon mutant of Escherichia coli 5K was isolated which reduced 10- to 50-fold the secreted extracellular haemolytic activity of cells carrying the complete hlyCABD operon while leaving unaffected the intracellular haemolytic activity and the levels of intracellular and extracellular haemolysin protein, HlyA. The transposon insertion was identified within the rfaP gene (required for attachment of phosphate-containing substituents to the lipopolysaccharide inner core), and extracellular haemolytic activity was restored in trans by the intact rfaP gene. The toss in cytolytic activity of the secreted HlyA protein was not related to the HlyC-directed acylation of the protoxin. Activity of the secreted toxin was restored by chaotropic agents and during rate-zonal centrifugation the mutant-secreted HlyA migrated as a larger species than the wild type. The results indicate that the rfaP mutation affects the aggregation behaviour of the active toxin during or following the signal peptide-independent secretion process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb00948.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suppression of rpsL phenotypes by tuf mutations reveals a unique relationship between translation elongation and growth rate (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 7 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have found a simple relationship between bacterial growth rate and the translation elongation rate. Thus, for a set of defined ribosomal protein S12 mutations which reduce the efficiency of the ternary complex ribosome interaction (and restrict the frequency of translational errors) there is a linear relationship between growth rate and translation elongation rate. When these mutants are combined with defined EF-Tu mutants (which increase the probability of translational errors) both the elongation rate and growth rate reductions are reversed. The reductions and reversals are described by a unique linear relationship. We interpret this to mean that these two types of mutation exert opposing effects on the same molecular interaction. We suggest that this interaction is in the initial selection of the aminoacyl-tRNA on the ribosome. The slope of the relationship between translation elongation rate and growth rate, defined in per cent of the wild-type rates, is close to 1. Interestingly, the reversal of the elongation and growth phenotypes is Incomplete, suggesting that the ribosomal mutants have an additional defect which is not compensated for by the ternary complex interaction. Our results show that the efficiency of the ternary complex ribosome interaction limits the translation elongation rate, which in turn correlates with changes in exponential growth rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01118.x
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