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  • 1985-1989  (9)
  • 1985  (9)
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  • 1985-1989  (9)
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  • 1
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    The effect of vegetation type, microrelief, and incidence angle on radar backscatter (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The NASA/JPL Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) was flown over a 20 x 110 km test site in the Texas High Plains regions north of Lubbock during February/March 1984. The effect of incidence angle was investigated by comparing the pixel values of the calibrated and uncalibrated images. Ten-pixel-wide transects along the entire azimuth were averaged in each of the two scenes, and plotted against the calculated incidence angle of the center of each range increment. It is evident from the graphs that both the magnitudes and patterns exhibited by the corresponding transect means of the two images are highly dissimilar. For each of the cross-poles, the uncalibrated image displayed very distinct and systematic positive trends through the entire range of incidence angles. The two like-poles, however, exhibited relatively constant returns. In the calibrated image, the cross-poles exhibited a constant return, while the like-poles demonstrated a strong negative trend across the range of look-angles, as might be expected.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL NASA(JPL Aircraft SAR Workshop Proc.; p 25-29
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Microwave backscatter and emission observed from Shuttle Imaging Radar B and an airborne 1.4 GHz radiometer (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A soil moisture experiment conducted with the Shuttle Imaging Radar B (SIR-B) is reported. SIR-B operated at 1.28 GHz provided the active microwave measurements, while a 4-beam pushbroom 1.4 GHz radiometer gave the complementary passive microwave measurements. The aircraft measurements were made at an altitude of 330 m, resulting in a ground resolution cell of about 100 m diameter. SIR-B ground resolution from 225 km was about 35 m. More than 150 agricultural fields in the San Joaquin Valley of California were examined in the experiment. The effect of surface roughness height on radar backscatter and radiometric measurements was studied.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Passive microwave soil moisture research (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The AgRISTARS Soil Moisture Project has made significant progress in the quantification of microwave sensor capabilities for soil moisture remote sensing. The 21-cm wavelength has been verified to be the best single channel for radiometric observations of soil moisture. It has also been found that other remote sensing approaches used in conjunction with L-band passive data are more successful than multiple wavelength microwave radiometry in this application. AgRISTARS studies have also improved current understanding of noise factors affecting the interpretability of microwave emission data. The absorption of soil emission by vegetation has been quantified, although this effect is less important than absorption effects for microwave radiometry.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    The First International Satellite Land-Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment (FIFE) (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) will verify the use of satellite data for the estimation of land-surface properties through field experiments using point measurements on the ground and areal measurements from aircraft overflights. In addition to validating satellite estimates of surface properties, it studies approaches for obtaining areal averages of the radiation, moisture and heat fluxes made using remotely sensed data. The procedure suggested combines the surface point measurements of the fluxes with the aircraft areal observations using a surface energy balance model to interpolate between the point estimates of these fluxes and calculate area-averaged quantities. The surface parameters to be estimated from aircraft observations include: surface radiation temperature, albedo, land cover or vegetation index, and surface soil moisture (the latter to be obtained using passive and active microwave approaches). The area-averages of the surface properties are compared with satellite data where possible. The First ISLSCP Field Experiment is planned for l987 at a site having relatively uniform vegetation cover in the central great plains of the USA. for 1987 at a site having relatively uniform vegetation cover in the central great plains of the USA.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA Proceedings of the Third International Colloquium on Spectral Signatures of Objects in Remote Sensing; p 321-325
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Microwave Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Because of the large contrast between the dielectric constant of liquid water and that of dry soil at microwave wavelength, there is a strong dependence of the thermal emission and radar backscatter from the soil on its moisture content. This dependence provides a means for the remote sensing of the moisture content in a surface layer approximately 5 cm thick. The feasibility of these techniques is demonstrated from field, aircraft and spacecraft platforms. The soil texture, surface roughness, and vegetative cover affect the sensitivity of the microwave response to moisture variations with vegetation being the most important. It serves as an attenuating layer which can totally obscure the surface. Research indicates that it is possible to obtain five or more levels of moisture discrimination and that a mature corn crop is the limiting vegetation situation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Snow and Evapotranspiration; p 129-148
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Calculations of microwave brightness temperature of rough soil surfaces (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A model for simulating the brightness temperatures of soils with rough surfaces is developed. The surface emissivity of the soil media is obtained by the integration of the bistatic scattering coefficients for rough surfaces. The roughness of a soil surface is characterized by two parameters, the surface height standard deviation sigma and its horizontal correlation length l. The model calculations are compared to the measured angular variations of the polarized brightness temperatures at both 1.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequencies. A nonlinear least-squares fitting method is used to obtain the values of delta and l that best characterize the surface roughness. The effect of shadowing is incorporated by introducing a function S(theta), which represents the probability that a point on a rough surface is not shadowed by other parts of the surface. The model results for the horizontal polarization are in excellent agreement with the data. However, for the vertical polarization, some discrepancies exist between the calculations and data, particularly at the 1.4 GHz frequency. Possible causes of the discrepancy are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    The use of remotely sensed soil moisture data in large-scale models of the hydrological cycle (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Manabe (1982) has reviewed numerical simulations of the atmosphere which provided a framework within which an examination of the dynamics of the hydrological cycle could be conducted. It was found that the climate is sensitive to soil moisture variability in space and time. The challenge arises now to improve the observations of soil moisture so as to provide up-dated boundary condition inputs to large scale models including the hydrological cycle. Attention is given to details regarding the significance of understanding soil moisture variations, soil moisture estimation using remote sensing, and energy and moisture balance modeling.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IAF PAPER 85-03
    Format: text
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  • 8
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    Calculations of microwave brightness temperature of rough soil surfaces: Bare field (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A model for simulating the brightness temperatures of soils with rough surfaces is developed. The surface emissivity of the soil media is obtained by the integration of the bistatic scattering coefficients for rough surfaces. The roughness of a soil surface is characterized by two parameters, the surface height standard deviation sigma and its horizontal correlation length l. The model calculations are compared to the measured angular variations of the polarized brightness temperatures at both 1.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequences. A nonlinear least-squares fitting method is used to obtain the values of delta and l that best characterize the surface roughness. The effect of shadowing is incorporated by introducing a function S(theta), which represents the probability that a point on a rough surface is not shadowed by other parts of the surface. The model results for the horizontal polarization are in excellent agreement with the data. However, for the vertical polarization, some discrepancies exist between the calculations and data, particularly at the 1.4 GHz frequency. Possible causes of the discrepancy are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-86200 , NAS 1.15:86200
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Remote Sensing of Snow and Evapotranspiration (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The use of snowmelt runoff models from both the U.S. and Japan for simulating discharge on basins in both countries is discussed as well as research in snowpack properties and evapotranspiration using remotely sensed data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CP-2363 , REPT-84B0036 , NAS 1.55:2363 , Nov 15, 1983 - Nov 19, 1983; Honolulu, HI; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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