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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of the metabolism of ram spermatozoa by derivatives of α-chlorohydrin (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 4 (1981), S. 203-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: α-chlorohydrin ; antifertility agent ; ram ; sperm metabolism ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effects of the male antifertility agent, α-chlorohydrin, six of its derivatives, and glycidol were studied on the metabolism of washed ram spermatozoa in vitro with fructose as substrate. The α-chlorohydrin derivatives were the amino, the phosphorylated, and four glycol-bridge (ketal) compounds. All compounds except glycidol, in a concentration between 0.1 and 100 mM, reduced the aerobic glycolsis and/or oxidation of fructose. However, there was not a high correlation between the ability of these compounds to inhibit the metabolism of ram spermatozoa in vitro and their antifertility activity when administered to male rats. Other factors are clearly involved in their antifertility activity, eg, the concentration of the compounds in the epididymis and their conversion of either more or less spermicidal compounds in the body.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120040305
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A crustacean statocyst with only three hairs: Light and scanning electron microscopy (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Standard histological and SEM techniques have been used to examine the pair of statocyst organs located in the telson of the isopod, Cyathara polita. Each organ is formed as an invagination of the dorsal cuticle of the telson. The invagination narrows to form a stalk between the statocyst and dorsal surface. A canal courses longitudinally through this stalk and forms a continuous channel between the lumen of the cyst and the external environment. On the luminal floor of each statocyst, there are three pits; each correlates with a nodule protruding from the ventro-medial wall. From each pit, a single, bifurcating hair projects dorsally to contact the single concretion within the statocyst lumen. No other static organs have been found in this animal. Thus, maintenance of equilibrium in this species appears to be under the control of but six hairs, three in each statocyst. Innervation of each statocyst is provided by a branch of a nerve which connects anteriorly with the last abdominal ganglion.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051690103
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Meeting report. American society for cell biology (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 269-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010209
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism of sperm-binding inhibition by anti-zona antisera (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 4 (1981), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: zona pellucida ; antibody ; sperm receptors ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Mouse zonae pellucidae contain receptors for sperm throughout their structure since spermatozoa will bind to both the inner and outer surfaces of isolated zona fragments. Antibodies raised against mechanically isolated mouse zonae pellucidae were only capable of suppressing sperm binding to the outer zona surface in association with the formation of a precipitate in this region.These results indicate that such antisera are not capable of interacting directly with the sperm receptors on the zona pellucida but rely upon the less efficient mechanism of steric hindrance to prevent sperm from gaining access to the sperm binding sites.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120040107
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of taurine and hypotaurine on in vitro fertilization in the golden hamster (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 4 (1981), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: taurine ; hypotaurine ; spermatozoa ; in vitro fertilization ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Taurine and hypotaurine were examined for their efficacy in replacing sperm motility factor (SMF), prepared from bovine adrenal cortex, for in vitro fertilization in the golden hamster. Combinations of these amino acids at concentrations of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mM together with 16 μM isoproterenol (a catecholamine β-agonist) were added to the sperm incubations. After three hours of sperm preincubation, oviductal eggs were added to the sperm suspensions and examined for penetration and stage of fertilization after three or five hours of culture. At 0.001 mM, neither taurine or hypotaurine was capable of maintaining motility of hamster sperm for four to 4½ hours or of inducing fertilization. With all other concentrations, both amino acids were found to maintain motility of sperm as well as SMF. Hypotaurine stimulated motility to a greater extent than taurine and both required isoproterenol for the greatest motility. A low proportion of cumulus-free ova were fertilized when sperm were preincubated with either amino acid alone over the range of 0.01 to 1 mM; however, over 80% fertilization was consistently obtained when isoproterenol was also present during sperm incubation. Proportions of ova fertilized with taurine or hypotaurine present during sperm preincubation were comparable to those achieved with SMF. The possibility that taurine or hypotaurine is the sperm motility factor is discussed.After three hours of sperm/egg incubation, a lag in the early events of fertilization was observed in experimental groups treated with one of the amino acids (0.01 mM) alone compared with groups treated with isoproterenol present. However, if sperm/egg incubation was extended from three to five hours, no increase in number of eggs penetrated was found. Therefore, the delay observed at three hours was considered a function of fewer numbers of capacitated sperm present in the absence of isoproterenol rather than of the need for an extended capacitation time.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120040109
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The movement characteristics of rabbit spermatozoa before and after activation (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 4 (1981), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: spermatozoa ; activation ; oviduct ; sperm movements ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Spermatozoa were flushed with mineral oil from the lower isthmus of the rabbit oviduct at four hours postcoitus (pc) and 11 hours pc. Videotapes were made of sperm behavior in the native isthmic fluid and after dilution of the fluid with culture medium. The tapes showed that, initially, spermatozoa in the native isthmic fluid were virtually immotile, but immediately resumed movement on contact with the culture medium. Isthmic sperm motility then evolved over a five- to 10-minute interval into the characteristic biphasic pattern of activated movement. Cine films of isthmic spermatozoa taken with a high-speed camera were analyzed to determine flagellar beat frequency, maximum flagellar curvature, and swimming velocity. Progressiveness ratios and hydrodynamic power outputs were then calculated for individual spermatozoa. Two phases of activated sperm movement, a whiplash phase and a progressive phase, were identified and characterized. The power output of activated spermatozoa increased twentyfold in comparison with the preactivated state. The power output of activated spermatozoa did not differ between the two phases of activated movement.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120040403
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The internal carotid artery does not directly supply the brain in the monodontidae (Order cetacea) (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981), S. 207-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In this paper we describe the gross and microscopic anatomy of the internal carotid artery and demonstrate that this vessel does not directly supply blood to the brain, in the Monodontidae (order Cetacea). Our account is based on gross dissections and perfusion casts of the arterial vasculature in Delphinapterus leucas and Monodon monoceros and on histological material from the latter species.The internal carotid artery originates low in the neck and extends to the carotid rete at the base of the brain. The vessel tapers dramatically along its cervical course and changes from an artery elastic in nature to one more muscular. A single large cervical branch occurs in D. leucas and supplies cerebrally related retia in this region and prevertebral muscles. No cervical branches occur in M. monoceros. In otic regions, the internal carotid artery is small and muscular. A lumen is present; however, a split internal and external elastic lamella and a thickened subendothelial layer are evident. Though patent in the neck and ear, the vessel appears occluded within the carotid canal. At this level, the vessel is characterized by absence of a lumen and by fragmented elastic lamellae.We conclude that the internal carotid artery is anatomically closed at a level just proximal to the carotid rete and hence has no direct involvement with cerebral blood supply in the Monodontidae. Our results confirm other investigators' work on smaller cetacean species.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051700207
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An ultrastructural and fluorescence histochemical investigation of the innervation of retial arteries in Monodon monoceros (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 109-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In this study, the innervation of cerebrally related retial arteries in the narwhal Monodon monoceros was examined. Vessels were processed for the demonstration of adrenergic nerve endings by fluorescence histochemistry, and the results were confirmed by electron microscopy. Innervation of cerebrally related retial arteries was compared to that of a system situated in the haemal canal and supplying the tail. The retial arteries were poorly innervated. Adrenergic nerve endings, as indicated by fluorescence, occurred only in caudal portions of the spinal rete. Ultrastructurally, nerves were found in most retial vessels examined. However, except for arteries from caudal portions of the spinal rete, nerve numbers were few and because they occurred in outer layers of the adventitia were probably not functionally significant. In contrast, vessels in the haemal canal were well innervated. Nerve endings possessing neurotransmitter vesicles were adjacent to the smooth muscle cells. The cetacean rete mirabile, a system which supplies blood to the entire central nervous system, is apparently not under extensive nervous control, even though most reports suggest there is a relationship, possibly based on the presence of adjacent nerve trunks. Any vasomotor activity that does occur, possibly does so in response to catecholamines or other vasoactive agents circulating in the blood.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051680111
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A scanning electron microscopic study of the developing epithelial scleral papillae in the eye of the embryonic chick (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Eyes of early embryonic chicks possess 14 scleral papillae, derived from the conjuctival epithelium and present as transient structures between seven and 11 days of incubation. These papillae induce the formation of the 14 scleral ossicles, which develop in the adjacent, neural crest-derived ectomesenchyme. Each papilla undergoes a predictable series of developmental changes, divided by Murrary ('43) into six morphological stages (M stages 1-6). We have confirmed his staging, and provide a scanning electron microscopic (SEM) evaluation of papilla development. The earliest stage that can be visualized with the S.E.M. is M stage 2. We describe the initial modifications of the surface of papilla cells, the presence of large microvilli and the asymmetrical morphogenesis and growth of the papillae. Papillae are shed by a mechanism that involves elongation of the cells at the base of the papilla. Such moribund papillae consist of necrotic cells coated with fibers.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051670205
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arterial circulation of the spinal cord and brain in the monodontidae (Order cetacea) (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981), S. 171-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In this paper we document retial supply of the spinal cord and describe the arterial vascular pattern of the brain in the whale family Monodontidae. Observations are based on gross dissections of four brains, two each of Monodon monoceros and Delphinapterus leucas, and one spinal cord from M. monoceros.Vessels of the spinal cord arise from extradural retia in the neural canal. Arteries originating from the retia penetrate the dura between successive spinal roots (mainly ventral) and not in association with them, unlike radicular arteries of other mammals. Also, these vessels are uniformly distributed and contribute equally to a plexus surrounding the cord. An A. radicularis magna is not present, and neither are dìstinct anterior or posterior spinal arteries.Circulation to the brain is effected by two pairs of arteries originating from intracranial retia. The rostral pair supplies most of the forebrain (prosencephalon), whereas the more caudal pair supplies mainly the midbrain (mesencephalon) and hindbrain (rhombencephalon). The circulatory pattern is characterized by (1) complete independece of anterior cerebral arteries (no anastomoses); (2) extensive cortical supply by the anterior choroidal arteries; (3) absence of subdural communicating vessels between rostral and caudal trunks; (4) union of caudal trunks to form a small basilar artery; and (5) absence of vertebral arteries and hence of a vertebral basilar system. There are some obvious differences between subdural arteries in the Monodontidae and those in other mammals; however, their general patterns of distribution are similar, and we suggest that most of the vessels, at least in the cranium, are homologous.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051700204
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