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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 382 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 439-444 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: That phase equilibrium exists at the gas-liquid interface during gas absorption is usually assumed in the analysis and design of absorption equipment, but the validity of this assumption has been in doubt since Higbie's pioneering gas-absorption studies. Accurate measurements are reported herein of the absorption rates at 25°C. of carbon dioxide into short water jets in which the liquid was in laminar flow. The jets issued from circular nozzles of about 1.5-mm. diam., flowed intact downward through an atmosphere of carbon dioxide at average velocities of from 75 to 550 cm./sec. over distances of 1 to 15 cm., and were collected in a receiver slightly larger in diameter than the nozzles. The measured absorption rates are in excellent agreement with predictions based on unsteady state diffusion theory, when one assumes interfacial equilibrium. It is concluded from these results and those of other investigators that equilibrium prevails at a freshly formed, relatively clean, carbon dioxide-water interface and that the same statement probably applies to the absorption of other slightly soluble gases in water.Evidence is discussed which indicates that an accumulation of minute quantitities of surface-active materials may seriously reduce the rate of gas absorption, either by affecting the hydrodynamic characteristics of the system or perhaps by offering resistance to the transfer of solute molecules across the interface.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 28 (1958), S. 439-442 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 28 (1958), S. 629-631 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 32 (1958), S. 517-518 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 33 (1958), S. 457-462 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In vinyl polymerization retarded by aromatic nitro compounds, the growing chain reacts with the retarder to form stabilized products. The locus of radical attack has been reported as taking place at an aromatic carbon or at a nitro-group oxygen. A direct experimental test has been devised to permit a choice between these alternatives. Rates of racemization of optically active nitrobiphenyl derivatives used as retarders in polymerizing systems have been compared with rates in nonpolymerizing monomer. These compounds were found to racemize more rapidly in the presence of polymerizing methyl methacrylate or vinyl acetate. Benzoyl peroxide initiator was not responsible for the considerable difference in racemization rate. The results support the view that primary attack of the growing chain is upon the nitro group and not at an aromatic carbon atom.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 33 (1958), S. 503-504 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The crosslink density in polybutadiene has been determined by measurement of the polymer molecular weight by osmometry and the primary chain molecular weight by modifier analysis involving radioactive materials. Since the number of polymer molecules is equal to the number of primary chains less the number of crosslinkages, the experimental measurements may be used to calculated the crosslink density. This method can be used to determine crosslink density at a combination of conversions, modifier loadings, and polymerization temperatures which could not be done by other methods. Branching and cyclic structure forming crosslinks are not measured by this method, the principal assumption of which is that one and only one modifier fragment is attached to each primary chain. Initiation and termination processes tend to reduce the validity of this assumption, but these have been minimized by reduction of the amounts of initiator and found insignificant by comparison of different systems. Modifiers which react with polymer in nonterminal positions also reduce the validity so that primary dodecyl mercaptan was not satisfactory as a modifier in this work, while tertiary alkyl mercaptans were. Also, diisopropyl xanthogen disulfide was not satisfactory because of secondary reactions. The crosslink density of polybutadiene prepared in emulsion decreases with decreasing polymerization temperature. At a given molecular weight, the crosslink density does not appear to be a function of conversion within the range studied. At a given polymerization temperature, increasing polymer number average molecular weight was accompanied by increasing crosslink density although the rate of such increase was smaller at subfreezing polymerization temperatures. These results agree with kinetic theory of crosslinking in emulsion polymerization, but actual values are higher than those obtained in comparable systems by the gel point method.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: To elucidate the mechanism of the reaction between chloroprene and sulfur, the following investigations have been carried out: (1) The reaction of a polychloroprene solution with sulfur under conditions of free radical initiation was studied. It was found that sulfur does not react with polychloroprene,-whereas under polymerization conditions the addition of sulfur proceeds readily. (2) A study of the polymerization of chloroprene monomer containing various amounts of sulfur (from 0.3 to 10%) showed that the sulfur content of the polymer increased in proportion to the amount of sulfur originally present. Polymers with a high sulfur content (3-5%) were found to be completely soluble at low degrees of polymerization. The latter finding indicates that the sulfur does not effect crosslinking, but that it is bound predominatly in a linear manner in the polymer chain. (3) The predominant form of bonding of the sulfur was found to be in di- and polysulfide linkages. The number of the latter increases with the sulfur content of the polymer. (4) By the action of nascent or catalytically activated hydrogen, the polymer was found to undergo extensive degradation with the loss of 80 to 100% of the bound sulfur and formation of low molecular weight polymer. In the course of the reduction the disulfide links are broken with the formation of polymer mercaptans, which are converted to disulfides by reaction with iodine; this is confirmed by an appropriate increase in the intrinsic viscosity. These findings confirm the copolymerization mechanism of the reaction between chloroprene and sulfur as proposed by Moshell and Nicholls. (5) The mechanism of the degradation of polychloroprene sulfide by tetraethylthiuram disulfide (TETD) was studied by means of the following model systems, representing the main types of structures present in such polymers: where R is CH3—CCl=CH—CH2— and R1 is —CH2—CCl=CH—CH2—. The radical nature of the reaction has been established and the correspondence between the results obtained with the model systems and the reactions taking place on treatment of polychloroprene sulfides with TETD has been demonstrated. Reaction schemes are proposed for the degradation and crosslinking of chloroprene polymers obtained in the presence of sulfur.
    Notes: Zur Aufklärung des Mechanismus der Reaktion zwischen Chloropren und Schwefel wurden die folgenden Untersuchungen ausgeführt: (1) Die Reaktion einer Lösung von Polychloropren mit Schwefel wurde unter den Bedingungen einer Anregung durch freie Radikale untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, dass Schwefel mit Polychloropren nicht reagiert, während unter Polymerisationsbedingungen die Addition von Schwefel leicht erfolgt. (2) Eine Untersuchung der Polymerisation des Chloroprens an Proben, bei denen die Schwefelmenge variiert wurde (von 0,3 bis 10%), zeigte, dass der Schwefelgehalt des Polymeren proportional zu der ursprünglich vorhandenen Schwefelmenge zunahm. Es wurde gefunden, dass Polymere mit hohem Schwefelgehalt (3-5%) bei niedrigem Polymerisationsumsatz vollständig löslich waren. Dieser Befund weist darauf hin, dass der Schwefel keine Vernetzung hervorruft, sondern dass er vorwiegend linear in den Polymerketten gebunden ist. (3) Es wurde festgestellt, dass der Schwefel vorherrschend in Di- und Polysulfidbindungen eingetreten war. Die Anzahl der letzteren steigt mit dem Schwefelgehalt des Polymeren an. (4) Bei der Einwirkung von naszierendem oder katalytisch erregten Wasserstoff wurde ein weitgehender Abbau des Polymeren gefunden, verbunden mit dem Verlust von 80 bis 100% des gebundenen Schwefels und der Bildung niedrigmolekularer Polymerer. Im Verlauf der Reduktion werden die Disulfidbindungen unter Bildung von polymeren Merkaptanen aufgespalten, welche durch Reaktion mit Jod wieder in Disulfide umgewandelt werden; eine Bestätigung dafür bildet die entsprechende Zunahme der Viskositätszhal. Diese Befunde Bestätigen den Copolymerisationsmechanismus, der von Moshell und Nicholls für die Reaktion zwischen Chloropren und Schwefel vorgeschlagen wurde. (5) Der Mechanismus des Abbaus von Polychloroprensulfid durch Tetraäthylthiuramdisulfid (TETD) wurde mittels folgender Modellsysteme für die in solchen Polymeren vorhandenen Hauptstrukturtypen untersucht: Hier ist R CH3—CCl=CH—CH2— und R1 —CH2—CCl=CH—CH2—. Der Verlauf der Reaktion über Radikale wurde sichergestellt und es wurde gezeigt, dass die mit den Modellsystemen erhaltenen Ergebnisse den Reaktionen entsprechen, die beim Behandeln der Polychloroprensulfide mit TETD stattfinden. Für den Abbau und die Vernetzung von Chloropren-Polymeren, die in Gegenwart von Schwefel erhalten wurden, wird ein Reaktionsschema vorgeschlagen.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 4 (1958), S. 43-48 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data are reported for condensing Freon-114 (tetrafluorodichloroethane) and steam at several pressures. The condition of the vapors ranged from saturation to 180°F. of superheat. The condensing tube containing embedded thermocouples was 3/4 in. in diameter and 3 ft. long. Visual observation showed that steam condensed by dropwise condensation in part. Increase of superheat in the vapor at constant pressure caused a lowering of the tube-wall temperature, which was indicative of a lowering of the surface temperature of the condensate. The lowering of the condensate-surface temperature below the saturation temperature was computed from the experimental tube-wall temperatures, the heat flux, and Nusselt's equation for the condensate-film resistance. The lowering of the condensate-surface temperature is correlated with degree of superheat. An interfacial coefficient of heat transfer between the superheated vapor and the condensate surface is reported based on the computed surface temperatures. Schrage's analysis and equations for relating mass and heat transfer with conditions at an interface were simplified and used to correlated the experimental condensing load with the degree of superheat.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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