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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (10)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1950-1954  (10)
  • 1951  (10)
  • 1
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The cationic polymerization of butadiene with several Friedel-Crafts catalysts has been described. Aluminum chloride and chlorosulfonic acid are active catalysts at -75°. The rate of polymerization at -75° is much faster than at the higher temperatures. Except for boron trifluoride etherate, which catalyzes the polymerization at -30°, the other catalysts (sulfuric acid, fuming sulfuric acid, stannic chloride, and boron trifluoride hydrate) produce appreciable amounts of polymer only at 0° or higher.The effect of variables, such as catalyst concentration, catalyst solvent, dilution, reaction time, etc., differs with each individual catalyst. In some cases, results were not conclusive due to lack of reproducibility. It was found that the presence of moisture is mainly responsible for this lack of reproducibility. Traces of water promote the polymerization with stannic chloride or boron trifluoride etherate, but inhibit the polymerization when an ethyl bromide solution of aluminum chloride is used as catalyst.Rubberlike polyhutadienes can be obtained with all catalysts except sulfuric and fuming sulfuric acids. However, the physical properties of these polymers show that the molecular weight is very low and that the polymer is not suitable as a rubber. Polymers ranging from viscous liquids to hard, brittle solids have also been obtained. In general, the solubility of the polymers is low. Approximately 60% of the butadiene enters the polymer chain by 1,4 addition.The copolymerization of butadiene and styrene at -75° with an ethyl bromide solution of aluminum chloride has also been studied. At conversions between 20 and 30% a soluble, rubberlike copolymer having a low molecular weight is formed. An insoluble, brittle polymer is obtained a t higher conversions.The soluble, cationic copolymer has a characteristic ultraviolet absorption curve which is different from that of GR-S. It has a styrene content of approximately 50% by weight which demonstrates that the styrene is more active in cationic copolymerization than is butadiene.
    Additional Material: 16 Tab.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of various nitro compounds on the peroxide-induced short-chain polymerization of allyl acetate has been investigated. Of the compounds studied, sym-trinitrobenzene is the most active as a retarder. Nitromethane and dinitrodurence were found to be less effective than aromatic nitro compounds which have replaceable nuclear hydrogen atoms but both exerted a measurable retarding influence on the polymerization reaction. It is found that trinitrobenzene reacts with a minimum of 5.9 radicals per molecule. This and other data are discussed in connection with the hypothesis that radicals react by an alkylation mechanism. An alternative mechanism involving attack on the nitro group itself is suggested.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 7 (1951), S. 347-350 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 7 (1951), S. 352-352 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 6 (1951), S. 247-250 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 7 (1951), S. 463-471 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Heretofore it has been assumed that, under the same experimental conditions of time and magnitude of applied pressure, all amorphous polymers have equal viscosities at their tack temperatures. Further evidence is obtained with a number of polymers in support of the theory. As a nonequilibrium property characterizing high polymers, tack temperature thus belongs in a category with brittle points, second-order transition points, and softening temperatures.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The elastoviscous behavior of polyisobutylene may be interpreted in terms of a mechanical model consisting of a distribution of Maxwell elements connected in parallel. The structure of this “generalized Maxwell model” is specified by the distribution of relaxation times of the component elements. The relaxation of stress curve of the material is directly related to the distribution of relaxation times, and general expressions for the bulk viscosities (tensile and shear) of such a system in terms of the distribution of relaxation times are readily obtained.A simple “box distribution” of relaxation times is described which can be used to approximate the relaxation behavior of polyisobutylene at the long-time end of the relaxation time spectrum, and in terms of which the expressions for bulk viscosity reduce to very simple form. The parameters specifying this distribution may be determined from experimental relaxation curves by a simple graphical method. Values of these parameters as a functions of molecular weight and temperature are computed, by use of these data. It is shown that bulk viscosity values calculated from relaxation data by this method are in good agreement with experimental values for both tensile and shear deformations, and for both unfractionated and fractionated polymers. Measurements of viscosity and of relaxation of stress can thus be directly correlated, and could be used in combination to characterize elastoviscous properties over wide ranges of molecular weight and temperature.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 7 (1951), S. 289-324 
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 6 (1951), S. 174-190 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A partir de la cellulose de ll échantillons de bois de pin et de 5 de bois de hêtre, on a tracé les courbes de répartition des fractions obtenues par précipitation fractionnée. Le degré de polymérisation (DP) a été déterminé par viscosité. Les diverses fractions de cellulose de bois de pin ainsi obtenues présentent deux maxima dans le domaine des DP 2000-3500. Celles de bois de hêtre un maximum pour 3300.Pour les deux sortes de bois le maximum de polyose se trouve pour nn DP d'cnviron 100. Dans le procédé technique au sulfite utilisé pour la fabrication des matières cellulosiques destinées à la préparation des fibres. lc DP des parties à haut poids moléculaire décroît de 4000 à 3000. Le plus gros pourcentage de la substance a un DP compris entre 200-2000.La répartition au sein de ce domaine est assez régulière; parfois il apparait un nouveau maximum. Pour la cellulose de hêtre, il existe de toute façon un maximum qui se déplace lors d'une dégradation croissantc vers le domaine des bas poids moléculaires. Dans la dégradation du prétraitemcnt dc la xanthogénation, il se produit une homogénisation importante.De plus, on peut obtenir directement le poids moléculaire moyen par détermination viscosimetrique des DP des produits non fractionnés en utilisant pour Km: 8,4·10-4.Quelques remarques sont enfin faites sur le procédé au nitrate où des pertes doivent être évités. Ces pertes concernent surtout les parties à bas poids moléculaire et, si elles ne sont pas évitées, peuvent rendre complètement faux les résultats.
    Notes: Von 11 Fichten- und 5 Buchenholzcellulosen wurden mittels fraktionierter Fällung und mit viskosimetrischer DP-Bestimmung an den Fraktionen die Verteilungskurven aufgenommen. Bei den schonend isolierten Produkten zeigten die Fichtenholzcellulosen im Bereich von DP 2000-3500 zwei, die Buchenholzcellulosen bei 3300 ein ausgesprochenes Maximum sowie beide Holzarten das Holzpolyosemaximum bei DP ca. 100. Beim technischen Sulfit-Aufschluß für Kunstfaserzellstoffe ging der DP der höchstmolekularen Anteile von ca. 4000 auf ca. 3000 zurück. Die Hauptmasse der Substanz befand sich in dem DP-Gebiet 200-2000, das bei den schonend gewonnenen Holzcellulosen ein ausgesprochenes Minimum aufwies. Die Verteilung innerhalb dieses Bereichs war z. T. sehr gleichmäßig. teilweise kam es auch zur Ausbildung eines neuen Maximums. Bei den Buchenzellstoffen wurde in allen Fällen ein Maximum festgestellt, das sich mit steigendem Abbau nach niedermolekularen Bereichen verschob. Durch den Abbau bei der Vorbehandlung für die Xanthogenierung trat eine sehr erhebliche Vereinheitlichung auf.Es zeigte sich, daß aus der viskosimetrischen DP-Bestimmung der unfraktionierten Produkte direkt das Gewichtsmittel erhalten wurde, wenn zur Berechnung der Km-Wert 8,4 × 10-4 diente.Auf einige Einzelheiten, die bei der Verarbeitung der Nitrate beachtet werden müssen. wenn Verluste vermieden werden sollen, wird besonders eingegangen. Diese Verluste betreffen vorzugsweise die niedermolekularen Anteile und können die Resultate entscheident verfälschen, wenn sie nicht vermieden werden.
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