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  • 1
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    Social Networks as the New Frontier of Terrorism (2022)
    Taylor & Francis | Routledge
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    Publication Date: 2023-09-12
    Description: Terrorism. Why does this word grab our attention so? Propaganda machines have adopted modern technology as a means to always have their content available. Regardless of the hour or time zone, information is being shared by somebody, somewhere. Social media is a game changer influencing the way in which terror groups are changing their tactics and also how their acts of terror are perceived by the members of the public they intend to influence. This book explores how social media adoption by terrorists interacts with privacy law, freedom of expression, data protection and surveillance legislation through an exploration of the fascinating primary resources themselves, covering everything from the Snowden Leaks, the rise of ISIS to Charlie Hebdo. The book also covers lesser worn paths such as the travel guide that proudly boasts that you can get Bounty and Twix bars mid-conflict, and the best local hair salons for jihadi brides. These vignettes, amongst the many others explored in this volume bring to life the legal, policy and ethical debates considered in this volume, representing an important part in the development of understanding terrorist narratives on social media, by framing the legislative debate. This book represents an invaluable guide for lawyers, government bodies, the defence services, academics, students and businesses.
    Keywords: Communications Act 2003 ; Crime and Disorder Act 1998 ; human rights law ; ISIS ; information society service ; legal and regulatory frameworks ; Malicious Communications Act 1988 ; Public Order Act 1986 ; Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 ; Right to Freedom of Expression ; regulation of online content ; Serious Crime Act 2007 ; social media ; Terrorism Act 2000 ; terrorism ; traditional media ; United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNQ IT & Communications law ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNJ Entertainment & media law
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    A large light-mass component of cosmic rays at 10^17–10^17.5 electronvolts from radio observations (2016)
    In:  Nature
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Cosmic rays are the highest-energy particles found in nature. Measurements of the mass composition of cosmic rays with energies of 1017–1018 electronvolts are essential to understanding whether they have galactic or extragalactic sources. It has also been proposed that the astrophysical neutrino signal1 comes from accelerators capable of producing cosmic rays of these energies2. Cosmic rays initiate air showers—cascades of secondary particles in the atmosphere—and their masses can be inferred from measurements of the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum3 (Xmax; the depth of the air shower when it contains the most particles) or of the composition of shower particles reaching the ground4. Current measurements5 have either high uncertainty, or a low duty cycle and a high energy threshold. Radio detection of cosmic rays6, 7, 8 is a rapidly developing technique9 for determining Xmax (refs 10, 11) with a duty cycle of, in principle, nearly 100 per cent. The radiation is generated by the separation of relativistic electrons and positrons in the geomagnetic field and a negative charge excess in the shower front6, 12. Here we report radio measurements of Xmax with a mean uncertainty of 16 grams per square centimetre for air showers initiated by cosmic rays with energies of 1017–1017.5 electronvolts. This high resolution in Xmax enables us to determine the mass spectrum of the cosmic rays: we find a mixed composition, with a light-mass fraction (protons and helium nuclei) of about 80 per cent. Unless, contrary to current expectations, the extragalactic component of cosmic rays contributes substantially to the total flux below 1017.5 electronvolts, our measurements indicate the existence of an additional galactic component, to account for the light composition that we measured in the 1017–1017.5 electronvolt range.
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Impact of Increased Resolution on ENSO and Its Teleconnections (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
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    Publication Date: 2023-08-02
    Description: The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences climate on a global scale and is a source of long-range predictability. In order to harness this predictability, accurate model representation of relevant teleconnections and the processes that generate them is required. We use a set of CMIP6 models to assess the effect of increasing model resolution on ENSO and its boreal winter teleconnections. The spatial structure, strength and asymmetry of both ENSO and its extratropical teleconnections are considered. We find evidence of an improved El Niño teleconnection to the North Pacific in high resolution models, but this improvement is dampened for La Niña. We aim to establish whether ocean or atmospheric resolution is the primary driver of resolution-based trends, and we evaluate the relevance of mean state biases on these trends.
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Underpredicted ENSO Teleconnections in Seasonal Forecasts (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
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    Publication Date: 2023-08-02
    Description: The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global driver of interannual climate variability and is highly predictable on seasonal timescales. Teleconnections from ENSO must be represented accurately in seasonal forecasts in order to utilize this predictability for extratropical prediction. We consider five seasonal forecast systems and find that the multimodel mean successfully captures the spatial pattern of the late winter (JFM) El Niño teleconnection to the North Pacific, but the simulated amplitude is underestimated by a factor of a half. We find that weak amplitude teleconnections exist in all five models throughout the troposphere, and that the amplitude of the La Niña teleconnection is also underestimated. We consider tropical precursors of the El Niño teleconnection and find that they are not underestimated and so deficiencies are likely to emerge in the extratropics. We investigate the impact of underestimated teleconnection strength on winter predictability in North America and Europe, including its potential link to the signal-to-noise paradox.
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Long range predictability of atmospheric angular momentum and length of day and implications for climate prediction (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
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    Publication Date: 2023-05-11
    Description: We show that fluctuations in atmospheric angular momentum and the length of day are predictable out to more than a year ahead, that this provides an atmospheric source of long-range predictability of surface climate and that it has important implications for our understanding of climate variability. We use ensemble climate predictions to demonstrate long-range predictability of signals in the atmospheric angular momentum field that propagate slowly and coherently polewards due to wave–mean flow interaction within the atmosphere. These predictable signals are shown to precede changes in extratropical climate via the North Atlantic Oscillation and the extratropical jet stream. Our results extend the lead time for length-of-day predictions, demonstrate a source of long-range predictability from within the atmosphere and illustrate a clear link between geodesy and climate prediction. Finally, we will show that our results also lead to an important new insight into climate teleconnections.
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Influence of the QBO on tropical convection and its extratropical teleconnections in boreal winter (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
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    Publication Date: 2023-06-27
    Description: The sub-seasonal influence of the QBO on the tropical tropospheric organised convection associated with the MJO remains a topic of interest despite the general difficulty in simulating the relationship in atmospheric models. In this study we use GloSea5 seasonal hindcasts to address this question. By expanding the analysis to seasonal timescales, and accounting for ENSO, we reveal the relationship between the QBO and the tropical west Pacific outgoing longwave radiation both in recent observations and our seasonal hindcasts in boreal winter. The significance of this relationship, and influence on the extratropical circulation is examined.
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    A tropospheric signature of upper stratospheric flow regimes: An evaluation of CMIP6 (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-27
    Description: The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) plays a crucial role in the development of winter conditions and associated extreme weather in the North Atlantic basin. Although seasonal prediction skill for the NAO has seen recent improvement, the influence of the upper stratosphere, a region that has received relatively little attention, is yet to be clarified.Lu et al. (2021) proposed a flow regime index using early winter upper stratospheric information. It was found that the index characterises the seasonal development of the northern stratospheric polar vortex, the signal of which then projects onto the NAO in middle to late winter. In this study, we examine this stratospheric regime behaviour and subsequent response in the troposphere using ERA5 reanalysis data and will assess the associated bias of the CMIP6 model simulations. Zonal mean winds in the subtropical upper stratosphere are used as a proxy for the flow regime index. Our results based on ERA5 confirm a significant relationship between the strength of this proxy index and the late winter mean sea level pressure and near surface temperature. Stronger winds in the early winter subtropical upper stratosphere are associated with a stronger positive NAO phase in late winter. To test the hypothesis that this connection exists due to planetary wave-breaking feedback processes, we examine the behaviour of the stratospheric surf zone in which the strongest quasi-horizontal mixing occurs. Tropospheric precursors preceding the regime development are also investigated. Implications for improved process understanding of stratosphere-troposphere coupling and its role in seasonal weather forecasting are discussed.
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Understanding and assessing seasonal forecast skill of severe winter windstorm over Europe with large-scale patterns and dynamical factors (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-18
    Description: Severe winter windstorms belong to the most damaging extreme events over Europe with damages costing over several millions of EUR. Hence, the understanding and skilful predictions would be of great value. On the other hand, the seasonal time scale is not only of interest for windstorm studies but is gaining more and more interest in general. This study investigates extreme event predictions on the seasonal time scale. Therefore, it is using the seasonal forecast model GloSea5, from the UK Met Office, validated with ECMWF ERA5 reanalyses. Windstorms are tracked with an impact-focused algorithm for 23 winter seasons, DJF, 1993-2015. The windstorm frequency shows skilful predictions over the British Isles and southern Scandinavia while the forecast skill of intensity depends on the measure used. An accumulated intensity of the season shows skilful areas downstream of the North Atlantic stormtrack. The significant spatial area for a normalised intensity decreases slightly, but still shows positive forecast skill. A multi-linear regression analysis shows that most of the windstorms over the North Atlantic and European area are connected to the NAO index, but there is also a gap of explanatory variance over the North Atlantic for the NAO. The Scandinavian and East Atlantic pattern are filling the gab exactly in this area. Those three large-scale patterns describe all together up to 80% of windstorm frequency and 60% of windstorm intensity variance. Besides large-scales patterns, dynamical factors, like Eady Growth Rate or the Jetstream Location, are also important drivers for seasonal forecasts of windstorm activity.
    Language: English
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