ALBERT

Note: Contents 1 Scope / G. Matthess 2 Polar Organic Substances and Their Role in the Water-Saturated and -Unsaturated Zones 2.0 Introduction / F.H. Frimmel 2.1 Isolation Procedures and Characterization Methods 2.1.1 Isolation and General Characterization of Organic Acids from Pore Water / F.H. Frimmel 2.1.2 Isolation and Characterization of Soil Humic Matter / W. Finger, B. Post and H. Klamberg 2.1.3 Isolation and Characterization of Organic Substancesin Ground Water and Sediments / F. Selenka and A. Hack 2.1.4 Chromatographie Characterization of the Acid-Soluble Part of Humic Substances / F.H. Frimmel 2.1.5 Spectroscopic Characterization of Humic Substances in the Ultraviolet and Visible Region and by Infrared Spectroscopy / G. Abbt-Braun 2.1.6 Temperature-Programmed/Time-Resolved Pyrolysis Field lonization Mass Spectrometry - a New Method for the Characterization of Humic Substances / H.-R. Schulten 2.1.7 Interpretation of the Pyrolysis Products of Isolated Humic and Fulvic Acids / G. Abbt-Braun 2.1.8 Characterization of Isolated Humic Material by 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy /J. Buddrus and P. Burba 2.1.9 Characterization of Humic Substances Extracted by Organic Solvents / B. Post and H. Klamberg 2.2 Interaction of Inorganics with Humic Substances 2.2.1 Investigation of Metal Complexation by Polarography and Fluorescence Spectroscopy / F.H. Frimmel 2.2.2 Determination of Complexation Equilibria by the Ion-Exchange Method / W. Finger and H. Klamberg 2.2.3 Sorption of Metals on Humic Material / R. Becker and H. Klamberg 2.2.4 Interactions of Humic Substances with Iodine / K. G. Heumann and C. Reifenhäuser 2.2.5 Experiments on the Influence of Organic Ligands upon Kinetics of Feldspar Weathering / A. Petersen, G. Matthess and D. Schenk 2.3 Characterization of Some Organic Acids in the Subsurface of the Sandhausen Ecosystem / T. Cordt and H. Kussmaul 2.3.4 Organic Acids 2.3.5 Conclusions 3 Carbonate Systems 3.0 Introduction / E. Usdowski 3.1 Dissolution Kinetics in the Generation of Carbonate Ground Waters 3.1.1 Theoretical and Experimental Results of the Kinetics of Calcite Dissolution and Precipitation / W. Dreybrodt 3.1.2 Field Measurements and Laboratory Experiments on Calcite Dissolution Kinetics of Natural Porous Media / J. Baumann and H.D. Schulz 3.2 Field Studies on Subsurface Water of Selected Sites / B. Merkel and J. Grossmann 3.2.1 Pore Water Sampling in Carbonate Terrains 3.2.2 Variation of Inorganic Carbon in the Unsaturated Zone of a Carbonate Gravel System / L. Eichinger and B. Merkel 3.2.3 Isotope Geochemistry of the Subsurface Carbonate System in Sandhausen and Bocholt / H. Dörr, W. Leuchs, P. Obermann, W. Regenberg and C. Sonntag 3.2.4 Application of Stable Carbon and Sulfur Isotope Models to the Development of Ground Water in a Limestone-Dolomite-Anhydrite-Gypsum Area / K.W. Schaefer and E. Usdowski 3.2.5 A dissolution Front at the Contact of Sandsto Marly Limestone Aquifers / H.R. Langguth and R. Schulz 3.2.6 Carbonate Rock Dissolution Under Intermediate System Conditions / J. Michaelis 3.3 Alteration in Karst Systems 3.3.1 Mineralogy and Hydrogeochemistry of the Gypsum Karst of Foum Tatahouine, South Tunisia / W. Smykatz-Kloss, H. Hötzl and H. Kössl 3.3.2 Dedolomitization and Salt Formationin a Semi-Arid Environment / W. Smykatz-Kloss, and J. Goebelbecker 3.3.3 Transformation Processes in Paleokarst Sediments and Chemistry of Modern Waters in the Aladag Region, Turkey / M. Cevrini and W. Echle 4 Silicate Systems 4.0 Introduction / G. Matthess 4.1 Redox Reactions in the Subsurface 4.1.1 Anoxic Reaction Zones in an Aquifer Influenced by Increasing Nitrate and Sulfate Contents / W. Leuchs and P. Obermann 4.1.2 Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotopes as Indicators for Nitrification and Denitrification / H.-L. Schmidt, S. Voerkelius and A. Amberger 4.1.3 Redox Conditions and Microbial Sulfur Reactions in the Fuhrberger Field Sandy Aquifer / J. Böttcher, O. Strebet and W. Kölle 4.1.4 Influence of Fine-Grained Cover Beds on the Chemistry of Shallow Ground Water / G. Ebhardt and P. Fritsch 4.1.5 Hydrogeochemical Processes During the Passage of Surface Water and Ground Water Through Genetically Different Organic Sediments / H. Brühl, A. Moschick and H. Verleger 4.1.6 Hydrochemical Phenomena in the Dorsten Leakage System / M. Hoffmann, H.R. Langguth and J. Larue 4.1.7 Hydrogeochemical Processes in the Hamburg Deep Aquifer System / E.P. Loehnert, W. Bauhus and C. Sonntag 4.2 Rock-Water Interaction 4.2.1 Aluminium Speciation in Acid Soil Water and Ground Water / G. Dietze and B. Ulrich 4.2.2 Mineral-Pore Water Interaction in Two Soil Types on Pleistocene Sediments at Hamburg / F. Sztuka and I. Valeton 4.2.3 Subsurface Hydrochemical Reactions in the Sandhausen Forest Ecosystem / H. Jacob, W. Regenberg and C. Sonntag 4.3 Reaction Kinetics 4.3.1 Experimental Methods for Determining Dissolution Rates of Silicates - a Comparison / D. Schenk, G. Matthess, A. Dahmke and A. Petersen 4.3.2 Field Studies on the Kinetics of Silicate Minerals/Water Interaction / G. Matthess, A. Petersen, D. Schenk and A. Dahmke 5 Microbiology 5.0 Introduction / P. Hirsch 5.1 Characterization of the Natural Subsurface Environment 5.1.1 Morphological and Taxonomic Diversity of Ground Water Microorganisms / P. Hirsch, E. Rades-Rohkohl, J. Kölbel-Boelke and A. Nehrkorn 5.1.2 Methods of Studying Ground Water Microbiology: Critical Evaluations and Method suggestions / P. Hirsch, E. Rades-Rohkohl, J. Kölbel-Boelke, A. Nehrkorn, R. Schweisfurth, F. Selenka and A. Hack 5.1.3 Organic Substances in Ground Water and Sediments and Their Relationships to Microorganisms in a Sandy Aquifer / E Selenka and A. Hack 5.2 Microbial Activities 5.2.1 Observations on the Physiology of Microorganisms from Pristine Ground Water Environments / P. Hirsch 5.2.2 Formation and Transformation of Manganese Oxidation States by Bacteria / J. Gottfreund and R. Schweisfurth 5.2.3 Interactions Between Humic Acids and Microorganisms / G.-J. Tuschewitzki, B. Langer and H. Otremba 5.3 Microbiology of Selected Locations 5.3.1 Subsurface Microbial Activities in the Sandhausen Forest Ecosystem / R. Weyandt and R. Schweisfurth 5.3.2 Heterotrophic Bacterial Communities in the Bocholt Aquifer System / J. Kölbel-Boelke and A. Nehrkorn 5.3.3 The Natural Microflora of the Segeberger Forest Aquifer System / P. Hirsch and E. Rades-Rohkohl 5.3.4 Microbiological Observations of the Unsaturated Zone of a Quaternary Gravel Profile / I. Alexander, G. Freitag, J. Grossmann, Β. Merkel, P. Udluft and I. Ullsperger 6 Hydrogeochemical and Geochemical-Hydraulic Models and Model Concepts 6.0 Introduction / H.-D. Schulz 6.1 Hydrogeochemical Models and Concepts 6.1.1 Development of Secondary Permeability of a Fracture Aquifer in Carbonate Rocks: a Model / W. Dreybrodt 6.1.2 Some Aspects of Modelling the Carbon System in the Unsaturated Zone / B. Merkel, L. Eichinger and P. Udluft 6.1.3 Methodical Concepts in Silicate-Water Interaction - a Comparison of Results / A. Dahmke, G. Matthess, A. Petersen and D. Schenk 6.2 Combination of Transport and Geochemical Reactions 6.2.1 Water Movement and Geochemical Reactions in the Unsaturated Zone of Sands with Low Calcite Contents / H.-D. Schulz 6.2.2 Physical and Biochemical Processes Affecting Mass Transport in the Bocholt Aquifer System / C. Bugner and R. Mull 6.2.3 Tritium and 3He Measurements as Calibration Data for Ground Water Transport Models / H. Dörr, P. Schlosser, M. Stute and C. Sonntag 6.2.4 39Ar-, 85Kr-, 3He- and 3H Isotope Dating of Ground Water in the Bocholt and Segeberger Forst Aquifer Systems / M. Forster, H. Loosli and S. Weise 6.2.5 Modelling of Mass Balance and of Microbial Transformations in the Fuhrberger Feld Sandy Aquifer / O. Strebet, J. Böttcher and W.H.M. Duynisveld 6.3 Description of Geochemical Environments with Thermodynamic Equilibrium Models / M. Rolling and H.-D. Schulz 6

Note: Table of Contents: 1 The Solid Phase of Marine Sediments / DIETER K. FÜTTERER 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Sources and Components of Marine Sediments 1.2.1 Lithogenous Sediments 1.2.2 Biogenous Sediments 1.2.3 Hydrogenous Sediments 1.3 Classification of Marine Sediments 1.3.1 Terrigenous Sediments 1.3.2 Deep-Sea Sediments 1.4 Global Patterns of Sediment Distribution 1.4.1 Distribution Patterns of Shelf Sediments 1.4.2 Distribution Patterns of Deep-Sea Sediments 1.4.3 Distribution Patterns of Glay Minerals 1.4.4 Sedimentation Rates 2 Geophysical Perspectives in Marine Sediments 2.1 Physical Properties of Marine Sediments / MONIKA BREITZKE 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 Porosity and Wet Bulk Density 2.1.2.1 Analysis by Weight and Volume 2.1.2.2 Gamma Ray Attenuation 2.1.2.3 Electrical Resistivity (Galvanic Method) 2.1.2.4 Electrical Resistivity (Inductive Method) 2.1.3 Permeability 2.1.4 Acoustic and Elastic Properties 2.1.4.1 Biot-Stoll Model 2.1.4.2 Full Waveform Ultrasonic Gore Logging 2.1.5 Sediment Classification 2.1.5.1 Full Waveform Gore Logs as Acoustic Images 2.1.5.2 P-and S-Wave Velocity, Attenuation, Elastic Moduli and Permeability 2.1.6 Sediment Echosounding 2.1.6.1 Synthetic Seismograms 2.1.6.2 Narrow-Beam Parasound Echosounder Recordings 2.2 Sedimentary Magnetism / ULRICH BLEIL 2.2.1 Introduction 2.2.2 Biogenie Magnetic Minerals in Marine Sediments 2.2.3 Reduction Diagenesis of Magnetic Minerals in Marine Environments 3 Quantification of Early Diagenesis: Dissolved Constituents in Marine Pore Water / HORST D. SCHULZ 3.1 Introduction: How to Read Pore Water Concentration Profiles 3.2 Calculation of Diffusive Fluxes and Diagenetic Reaction Rates 3.2.1 Steady State and Non-Steady State Situations 3.2.2 The Steady State Situation and Fick's First Law of Diffusion 3.2.3 Quantitative Evaluation of Steady State Concentration Profiles 3.2.4 The Non-Steady State Situation and Fick's Second Law of Diffusion 3.2.5 The Primary Redox-Reactions: Degradation of Organic Matter 3.3 Sampling of Pore Water for Ex-Situ Measurements 3.3.1 Obtaining Sampies of Sediment for the Analysis of Pore Water 3.3.2 Pore Water Extraction from the Sediment 3.3.3 Storage, Transport and Preservation of Pore Water 3.4 Analyzing Constituents in Pore Water, Typical Profiles 3.5 In-Situ Measurements 3.6 Influence of Bioturbation, Bioirrigation, and Advection 4 Organic Matter: The Driving Force for Early Diagenesis / JÜRGEN RULLKÖTTER 4.1 The Organic Carbon Cycle 4.2 Organic Matter Accumulation in Sediments 4.2.1 Productivity Versus Preservation 4.2.2 Primary Production of Organic Matter and Export to the Ocean Bottom 4.2.3 Transport of Organic Matter through the Water Column 4.2.4 The Influence of Sedimentation Rate on Organic Matter Burial 4.2.5 Allochthonous Organic Matter in Marine Sediments 4.3 Early Diagenesis 4.3.1 The Organic Carbon Content of Marine Sediments 4.3.2 Chemical Composition of Biomass 4.3.3 The Principle of Selective Preservation 4.3.4 The Formation of Fossil Organic Matter and its Bulk Composition 4.3.5 Early Diagenesis at the Molecular Level 4.3.6 Biological Markers (Molecular Fossils) 4.4 Organic Geochemical Proxies 4.4.1 Total Organic Carbon and Sulfur 4.4.2 Marine Versus Terrigenous Organic Matter 4.4.3 Molecular Paleo-Seawater Temperature and Climate Indicators 4.5 Analytical Techniques 4.5.1 Sam pie Requirements 4.5.2 Elemental and Bulk Isotope Analysis 4.5.3 Rock-Eval Pyrolysis and Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography 4.5.4 Organic Petrography 4.5.5 Bitumen Analysis 4.6 The Future of Marine Geochemistry of Organic Matter 5 Bacteria and Marine Biogeochemistry / Bo BARKER JORGENSEN 5.1 Role of Microorganisms 5.1.1 From Geochemistry to Microbiology - and back 5.1.2 Approaches in Marine Biogeochemistry 5.2 Life and Environments at Small Scale 5.2.1 Hydrodynamics of Low Reynolds Numbers 5.2.2 Diffusion at Small Scale 5.2.3 Diffusive Boundary Layers 5.3 Regulation and Limits of Microbial Processes 5.3.1 Substrate Uptake by Microorganisms 5.3.2 Temperature as a Regulating Factor 5.3.3 Other Regulating Factors 5.4 Energy Metabolism of Prokaryotes 5.4.1 Free Energy 5.4.2 Reduction-Oxidation Processes 5.4.3 Relations to Oxygen 5.4.4 Definitions of Energy Metabolism 5.4.5 Energy Metabolism of Microorganisms 5.4.6 Chemolithotrophs 5.4.7 Respiration and Fermentation 5.5 Pathways of Organic Matter Degradation 5.5.1 Depolymerization of Macromolecules 5.5.2 Aerobic and Anaerobic Mineralization 5.5.3 Depth Zonation of Oxidants 5.6 Methods in Biogeochemistry 5.6.1 Incubation Experiments 5.6.2 Radioactive Tracers 5.6.3 Example: Sulfate Reduction 5.6.4 Specific Inhibitors 5.6.5 Other Methods 6 Early Diagenesis at the Benthic Boundary Layer: Oxygen and Nitrate in Marine Sediments / CHRISTIAN HENSEN AND MATTHIAS ZABEL 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Oxygen and Nitrate Distribution in Seawater 6.3 The Role of Oxygen and Nitrate in Marine Sediments 6.3.1 Respiration and Redox Processes 6.3.1.1 Nitrification and Denitrification 6.3.1.2 Coupling of Oxygen and Nitrate to other Redox Pathways 6.3.2 Determination of Consumption Rates and Senthic Fluxes 6.3.2.1 Fluxes and Concentration Profiles Determined by In-Situ Devices 6.3.2.2 Ex-Situ Pore Water Data from Deep-Sea Sediments 6.3.2.3 Determination of Denitrification Rates 6.3.3 Oxic Respiration, Nitrification and Denitrification in Different Marine Environments 6.3.3.1 Quantification of Rates and Fluxes 6.3.3.2 Variation in Different Marine Environments: Case Studies 6.4 Summary 7 The Reactivity of Iron / RALF R. HAESE 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Pathways of Iron Input to Marine Sediments 7.2.1 Fluvial Input 7.2.2 Aeolian Input 7.3 Iron as a Limiting Nutrient for Primary Productivity 7.4 The Early Diagenesis of Iron in Sediments 7.4.1 Dissimilatary Iran Reductian 7.4.2 Solid Phase Ferric Iron and its Bioavailability 7.4.2.1 Properties of Iron Oxides 7.4.2.2 Bioavailability of Iron Oxides 7.4.2.3 Bioavailability of Sheet Silicate Sound Ferric lron 7.4.3 Iron and Manganese Redax Cycles 7.4.4 Iron Reactivity towards S, O2, Mn, NO3, P, HCO3, and Si-AI 7.4.4.1 lron Reduction by HS and Ligands 7.4.4.2 Iron Oxidation by O2, NO3, and Mn4+ 7.4.4.3 Iron-Sound Phosphorus 7.4.4.4 The Formation of Siderite 7.4.4.5 The Formation of lron Searing Aluminosilicates 7.4.5 Discussion: The Importance of Fe-and Mn-Reactivity in Various Enyironments 7.5 The Assay for Ferric and Ferrous Iron 8 Sulfate Reduction in Marine Sediments / SABINE KASTEN AND BO BARKER JØRGENSEN 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Sulfate Reduction and the Degradation of Organic Matter 8.3 Biotic and Abiotic Processes Coupled to Sulfate Reduction 8.3.1 Pyrite Formation 8.3.2 Effects of Sulfate Reduction on Sedimentary Solid Phases 8.4 Determination of Sulfate Reduction Rates 9 Marine Carbonates: Their Formation and Destruction / RALPH R. SCHNEIDER, HORST D. SCHULZ AND CHRISTIAN HENSEN 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Marine Environments of Carbonate Production and Accumulation 9.2.1 Shallow-Water Carbonates 9.2.2 Pelagic Calcareous Sediments 9.3 The Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium in Marine Aquatic Systems 9.3.1 Primary Reactions of the Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium with Atmospheric Contact in Infinitely Diluted Solutions 9.3.2 Primary Reactions of the Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium without Atmospheric Contact 9.3.3 Secondary Reactions of the Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium in Seawater 9.3.4 Examples for Calculation of the Calcite-Carbonate-Equilibrium in Ocean Waters 9.4 Carbonate Reservoir Sizes and Fluxes between Particulate and Dissolved Reservoirs 9.4.1 Production Versus Dissolution of Pelagic Carbonates 9.4.2 Inorganic and Organic Carbon Release trom Deep-Sea Sediments 10 Influences of Geochemical Processes on Stable Isotope Distribution in Marine Sediments / TORSTEN SICKERT 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Fundamentals 10.2.1 Principles of Isotopic Fractionation 10.2.2 Analytical Procedures 10.3 Geochemicallnfluences on 18O/16O Ratios 10.3.1 δ18O of Seawater 10.3.2 δ18O in Marine Carbonates 10.4 Geochemical Influences on 13C/12C Ratios 10.4.1