Call number:
ZS-272(78)
;
AWI A13-02-0066
In:
Zürcher Klima-Schriften, Heft 78
Type of Medium:
Series available for loan
Pages:
xiii, 242 Seiten
,
Illustrationen
ISBN:
3906148262
Series Statement:
Zürcher Klima-Schriften 78
URL:
https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/144206
Language:
English
Note:
Zugleich.: Dissertation, Technische Hochschule Zürich, 1999
,
Contents:
Acknowledgement. -
Abstract. -
Zusammenfassung. -
1 Introduction. -
1.1 Objectives of this study. -
1.2 Previous woik on sensitivity. -
1.3 Definition and measurement of surface albedo. -
1.4 Main characteristics of surface albedo. -
1.5 The importance of albedo in the climate system. -
2 Observational data. -
2. L Global data. -
2.2 ln-situ snow cover observation. -
3 Validation of ECHAM4. -
3.1 Introduction. -
3.2 Precipitation. -
3.3 Surface temperature. -
3.4 Snow water equivalent. -
3.5 Surface albedo. -
4 Assessment of the ECHAM and EM land surface schemes in an off-line mode. -
4.1 Introduction. -
4.2 Comparison of the land surface schemes of ECHAM and EM. -
4.2.1 Soil temperature and soil heat flux. -
4.2.2 Soil hydrology. -
4.2.3 Prediction of surface albedo and snow processes. -
4.2.4 Parameterization of water vapour fluxes. -
4.2.5 Parameterization of boundary layer transport. -
4.3 Comparison of the sensitivities of ECHAM and EM. -
4.3.1 Control simulations. -
4.3.2 Sensitivity to the roughness length. -
4.3.3 Sensitivity to the leaf area index. -
4.3.4 Sensitivity to the vegetation ratio. -
4.3.5 Sensitivity to the background surface albedo. -
4.3.6 Sensitivity to the snow albedo. -
4.3.7 Sensitivity to the maximum soil water content. -
4.4 Assessment of the surface climate in ECHAM and EM. -
4.5 Diurnal cycles of surface variables in the ECHAM and EM control experiments. -
4.6 Comparison of the ECHAM- and EM-parameterizations with other parameterization formulae. -
4.6.1 Bare soil evaporation. -
4.6.2 Stability function. -
4.7 Comparison of the ECHAM3 and ECHAM4 land surface schemes. -
4.8 Comparison between off-line model simulation with Russian sites. -
4.9 Summary and conclusions. -
5 3-dimensional ECHAM4 simulations. -
5.1 EXP1: Snow cover fraction deduced from global datasets. -
5.1.1 Overview of modifications. -
5.1.2 Parameterization of snow cover fraction. -
5.1.3 Derivation of a snow cover expression using satellite data. -
5.1.4 Results from the 3-D experiment. -
5.2 EXP2: Snow cover fraction formula as implemented in the Météo-France climate model. -
5.2.1 Overview of modifications. -
5.2.2 Results from the 3-D experiment. -
5.3 EXP3: Polynomial temperature dependence of snow albedo. -
5.3.1 Overview of modifications. -
5.3.2 Polynomial relationship between temperature and snow albedo. -
5.3.3 Results from the 3-D experiment. -
5.4 EXP4: Splitting of the total surface albedo into its VIS- and NIR-component. -
5.4.1 Overview of modifications. -
5.4.2 Spectral albedos for snow and ice conditions. -
5.4.3 Results from the 3-D experiment. -
5.5 EXP5: Incorporation of the BATS parameterization for snow albedo. -
5.5.1 Overview of parameterizations incorporating a snow age factor. -
5.5.2 Overview of modifications. -
5.5.3 Ratio of diffuse/direct radiation. -
5.5.4 Results from the 3-D experiment. -
5.6 EXP6: Annual cycle of the LAI. -
5.6.1 Overview of modifications. -
5.6.2 Compilation of global LAI datasets. -
5.6.3 Results from the 3-D experiment. -
5.7 EXP7: Albedo of snow covered forests and a simple snow interception model. -
5.7.1 Overview of modifications. -
5.7.2 Radiation transfer canopy models. -
5.7.3 Surface albedo of snow covered canopy in CLASS. -
5.7.4 Snow interception on canopies. -
5.7.5 Results from the 3-D experiment. -
5.8 EXP8: Modification of snowflakes' melt temperature. -
5.8.1 Overview of modifications. -
5.8.2 Snow-rain criteria. -
5.8.3 Results from the 3-D experiment. -
5.9 EXP9: Dependence of surface albedo on soil moisture. -
5.9.1 Overview of modifications. -
5.9.2 Relationships between bare soil albedo and soil moisture. -
5.9.3 Results from the 3-D experiment. -
5.10 EXP 10: Incorporation of subgrid scale orography. -
5.10.1 Incorporation of subgrid scale topographic variability. -
5.10.2 Topographic dataset. -
5.10.3 Experimental setup. -
5.10.4 Results from the 3-D experiment. -
6 Conclusions. -
References. -
Appendix. -
A.1 Abstract and Summary of Paper 1.
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Lower compact magazine
Location:
AWI Reading room
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GFZ Library
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