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  • 1
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Washington, DC : United States Gov. Print. Off.
    Associated volumes
    Call number: SR 90.0004(2326-A)
    In: United States Geological Survey water-supply paper
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: XII, A-74 S.
    Series Statement: U.S. Geological Survey water-supply paper 2326-A
    Language: English
    Location: Lower compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Call number: AWI G1-23-95188
    Description / Table of Contents: This book provides a sound introduction to the basic physical processes that dominate the workings of the Earth, its atmosphere and hydrosphere. It systematically introduces the physical processes involved in the Earth's systems without assuming an advanced physics or mathematical background.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XI, 321 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: First published
    ISBN: 1405101733 , 1-4051-0173-3 , 9781405101738
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Planet Earth and Earth systems 1.1 Comparative planetology 1.2 Unique Earth 1.3 Earth systems snapshots 1.4 Measuring Earth 1.5 Whole Earth 1.6 Subtle, interactive Earth Further reading Chapter 2 Matters of state and motion 2.1 Matters of state 2.2 Thermal matters 2.3 Quantity of matter 2.4 Motion matters: kinematics 2.5 Continuity: mass conservation of fluids Further reading Chapter 3 Forces and dynamics 3.1 Quantity of motion: momentum 3.2 Acceleration 3.3 Force, work, energy, and power 3.4 Thermal energy and mechanical work 3.5 Hydrostatic pressure 3.6 Buoyancy force 3.7 Inward acceleration 3.8 Rotation, vorticity, and Coriolis force 3.9 Viscosity 3.10 Viscous force 3.11 Turbulent force 3.12 Overall forces of fluid motion 3.13 Solid stress 3.14 Solid strain 3.15 Rheology Further reading Chapter 4 Flow, deformation, and transport 4.1 The origin of large-scale fluid flow 4.2 Fluid flow types 4.3 Fluid boundary layers 4.4 Laminar flow 4.5 Turbulent flow 4.6 Stratified flow 4.7 Particle settling 4.8 Particle transport by flows 4.9 Waves and liquids 4.10 Transport by waves 4.11 Granular gravity flow 4.12 Turbidity flows 4.13 Flow through porous and granular solids 4.14 Fractures 4.15 Faults 4.16 Solid bending, buckling, and folds 4.17 Seismic waves 4.18 Molecules in motion: kinetic theory, heat conduction, and diffusion 4.19 Heat transport by radiation 4.20 Heat transport by convection Further reading Chapter 5 Inner Earth processes and systems 5.1 Melting, magmas, and volcanoes 5.2 Plate tectonics Further reading Chapter 6 Outer Earth processes and systems 6.1 Atmosphere 6.2 Atmosphere-ocean interface 6.3 Atmosphere-land interface 6.4 Deep ocean 6.5 Shallow ocean 6.6 Ocean-land interface: coasts 6.7 Land surface Further reading Appendix Brief mathematical refresher or study guide Cookies Index
    Location: AWI Reading room
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2023-08-30
    Description: The joint analysis of multiparametric datasets in geophysics and, in general, in geosciences is often challenging due to the highly different measurement types. During the last decades, data mining techniques have been subject to intense development, which allows the detection and characterizing of “hidden patterns” within complex datasets. One of the most successful and widely used techniques is the Independent Component Analysis (ICA) which allows for identifying spatio-temporal patterns related to independent sources from dense geospatial datasets. In this work, we apply an extension of the ICA named Independent Vector Analysis (IVA) to analyze a multiparametric dataset of spontaneous potential, CO2 and H2S flux and thermal gradient measurement realized in the crater of Mt. Teide (Tenerife, Canary Islands), from 2020 to 2023. While ICA allows studying spatio-temporal patterns of a single quantity, IVA allows dealing with means multiparametric measurements realized on a single point, which means using vector data instead of a simple scalar. The relationship between spontaneous potential and gas emission is well known and testified by numerous case studies. In this work, however, we exploit for the first time this quantitative approach to separate and characterize endogenous and external factors in this dataset. The approach we propose in this work has a broader application to repeated multiparametric geophysical surveys and in combining geophysical datasets with other kinds of data.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-11-17
    Description: The tropical Northern Andes of Colombia are one the world's most biodiverse places, offering an ideal location for unraveling the linkages between the geodynamic forces that build topography and the evolution of the biota that inhabit it. In this study, we utilize geomorphic analysis to characterize the topography of the Western and Central Cordilleras of the Northern Andes to identify what drives landscape evolution in the region. We supplement our topographic analysis with erosion rate estimates based on gauged suspended sediment loads and river incision rates from volcanic sequences. In the northern Central Cordillera, an elevated low-relief surface (2500 m in elevation, ~40 × 110 km in size) with quasi-uniform lithology and surrounded by knickpoints, indicates a recent increase in rock and surface uplift rate. Whereas the southern segment of the Central Cordillera shows substantially higher local relief and mostly well graded river profiles consistent with longer term uplift-rate stability. We also identify several areas of major drainage reorganization, including captures and divide migrations. These changes in the topography coincide with the proposed location of a slab tear and flat slab subduction under the northern Central Cordillera, as well as with a major transition in the channel slope of the Cauca River. We identify slab flattening as the most likely cause of strong and recent uplift in the Northern Andes leading to ~2 km of surface uplift since 8–4 Ma. Large scale drainage reorganization of major rivers is likely driven by changes in upper plate deformation in relation to development of the flat slab subduction geometry; however, south of the slab tear other factors, such as emplacement of volcanic rocks, also play an important role. Several biologic observations above the area of slab flattening suggest that surface uplift isolated former lowland species on the high elevation plateaus, and drainage reorganization may have influenced the distribution of aquatic species.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2023-07-25
    Description: Time-lapse monitoring of seismic velocity at a volcanic area can provide important information about the dynamics of the volcanic system and its temporal variability. One standard technique to monitor small changes in the medium is ambient noise interferometry. This technique is based on quantifying relative velocity variations (dv/v) by measuring changes in the ambient noise cross-correlation signal phase. In this study, we demonstrate that together with velocity variations, the study of changes in seismic attenuation (Qc) extracted from ambient noise cross-correlation could be relevant for volcano monitoring. The Qc is determined using the lapse-time dependence method (Calvet and Margerin, 2013), in which, Qc is measured as a function of the coda window length for different onsets of the ambient-noise cross-correlation coda. We apply this technique to the 2021 Cumbre Vieja eruption in La Palma (Canary Islands), which started on Sept. 19th and had a significant social and scientific impact. First, we determine a reference Qc model of the Cumbre Vieja volcano using data from Aug. 1st to 31st, 2021. Then, we analyze the spatio-temporal Qc variations during the nineteen days preceding the eruption, and we compare our results with previously obtained dv/v results. We observe an increase of Qc during the pre-eruptive phase, corresponding to a dv/v decrease. We hypothesize that the observed correlated Qc increase and dv/v drop could be explained by the ascent of hydrothermal fluids towards the surface before the eruption.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: In recent years the use of Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) in seismology is gaining extensive usage in different applications. A High-Fidelity DAS system (HDAS) was deployed during the 2021 Tajogaite eruption on Cumbre Volcano (La Palma, Canary Islands), allowing the recording of most of the syn-eruptive and post-eruptive seismicity. The eruption lasted from Sep. 19th until Dec. 13th of 2021. The HDAS was installed on 19th Oct. 2021 and is still operating. The HDAS was installed around 10 km from the eruptive vent and was connected to a submarine fibre optic cable directed toward Tenerife Island. Since then, the HDAS has been recording seismic with a temporal sampling rate of 100 Hz and a spatial sampling rate of 10m for a total length of 30 (first phase) and 50 km using Raman Amplification (last period). The HDAS recorded thousands of local earthquakes as well as regional and teleseismic events. It was revealed to be an excellent tool for volcanic monitoring, allowing a better location of deeper events which location was made difficult by the small aperture of the seismic network of La Palma. The HDAS was also able to record the low-frequency (〈1 Hz) component of the volcanic tremor up to a distance of tens of kilometres from the volcano. We show how, using array-like techniques, it is possible to identify and separate the volcanic tremor signals from the oceanic ambient noise. In this work, we demonstrate the effectiveness of using DAS as a real-time volcano monitoring tool.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2023-08-09
    Description: The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) plays a vital role in global climate, redistributing heat, freshwater and anthropogenic CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉(C〈sub〉anth〈/sub〉) meridionally and in depth. Accurately monitoring AMOC strength with observations has inspired a number of dedicated observing systems in the Atlantic since the 2000s. However, no consensus has been reached on whether the slowdown of the AMOC and its associated heat, freshwater and C〈sub〉anth〈/sub〉transports is occurring. Hydrographic data and biogeochemical measurements from zonal sections across the Atlantic for 30 years that predate and overlap the era of AMOC observations were employed to build three inverse models, one for each of the last decades. The results show no changes in the AMOC for all sections analyzed over the whole Atlantic for the last 30 years. The change in time in the net transports of C〈sub〉anth〈/sub〉 appears to be mainly due to modifications in the transport of upper layers. The lower layer of the AMOC maintain more consistent transports in time. Vertical advection plays an important role in the North Atlantic, exporting C〈sub〉anth〈/sub〉 from upper to deeper layers. The strong gradient in C〈sub〉anth〈/sub〉 concentration at the interphase between upper and deeper layers results in a strong vertical diffusion.
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Publication Date: 2023-05-22
    Description: To better understand the shallow structure of El Hierro island, we determined a 3D S-wave velocity model using Ambient Noise Tomography (ANT). We exploited a dataset recorded by 21 broadband seismic stations deployed at El Hierro island in two surveys realized in 2015 and 2021. This dataset allowed us to obtain empirical Green’s functions by cross-correlating seismic ambient noise signals and retrieving 105 dispersion curves using the frequency-time analysis (FTAN). Then we obtained 2-D Rayleigh wave group velocity maps for periods between 0.6 s and 2.6 s through a non-linear multiscale inversion (Cabrera-Pérez et al, 2021). Finally, we performed depth inversion through a Bayesian transdimensional approach to obtain a 3-D S-wave velocity model. The obtained ANT model is merged with a local earthquake tomography model (García-Yeguas et al, 2014). Our study highlights six relevant seismic velocity anomalies. We observed the presence of three high-velocity zones located in the eastern, western and northern parts of the island, which could be related to intrusive bodies possibly associated with the formation of El Hierro island. We also observed three low-velocity anomalies in the northern and southern parts. The anomaly in the North of the island could be related to loose deposits generated by the El Golfo valley megalandslide. The anomalies in the South could be related to porous and highly fractured materials produced during the more recent volcanic episodes.
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2023-06-29
    Description: The Diploma in Seismology for high-school teachers is a 170-hour course, the first five generations started with examples of what they could offer their students in their classroom. The content seeks to apply some of the learning and concepts of the physics courses in high school through the analysis of the information recorded in seismograms. In addition to the material presented to the participant through an online platform, and during sessions, they worked on an integrating project, which objective is to prepare them for the use of seismographs and their data in their classes and begin scientific research themselves. We have excellent results; teachers learned and promoted to their students about seismology. Now the high school Physics programs include subjects based on seismology. At the moment, the sixth generation is taking the new version of Diploma we added a new module, civil protection. The Diploma has reached professors of 20 high schools in Mexico City where also a Raspberry Shake has been installed to integrate the “Red Sísmica del Bachillerato” or the High-school seismic network. The participant teachers know how to extract the information from those instruments and they can work with their students. For the next stage we have support from the project DGAPA-PAPIME PE107023 for displaying the data from Raspberry Shakes installed in five high schools. We will install a screen and a bulletin board with information about basic subjects of seismology. The idea is to have profesors involved in the designed and content production of this board.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2023-08-31
    Description: Volcanic eruptions are key scenarios for developing new tools for volcanic monitoring. Among the geophysical techniques, electromagnetic methods are not extensively used in volcano monitoring. However, these methods are very sensitive to temporal changes in the subsoil due to the movement of fluids, which strongly affects the electrical resistivity of the subsoil. During the volcanic eruption that started on the island of La Palma on September 19th, 2021, and the subsequent post-eruptive process, we deployed several magnetotelluric (MT) stations in the vicinity of the new volcano to test the performances of such instrumentation as an effective volcanic monitoring tool. Magnetotelluric stations have been installed for continuous monitoring, recording electric and magnetic fields along the N-S and E-W directions. We have obtained good quality transfer functions for the period range of 0.01 - 100 s. The main objective of this MT experiment was to detect possible variations of the apparent resistivity and phase curves and to compare them with other geophysical and geochemical studies conducted in the same area. The preliminary results show slight changes in the resistivity over time that could be related to the development of a shallow hydrothermal system around the volcano. Furthermore, in comparing the pre-eruptive 3D resistivity model of the island, we observed that regions with low resistivity were almost aseismic, possibly due to the presence of ductile rocks like clays.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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