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  • 1
    Description / Table of Contents: A regional 3-dimensional ecosystem model is presented designed to simulate the nutrient and oxygen dynamics in the Benguela upwelling system. Strong upwelling driven by the southern trade winds supply cold, nutrient rich water. This supports a high primary production and results in a large flux of sinking detritus. Hence, a thick organic-rich mud belt is characteristic for the Namibian continental shelf. Both biological and hydrodynamic processes contribute to the very specific geochemistry on the Namibian shelf. Notably high rates of sulfate reduction in the sediment generate high concentrations of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in the surface sediment layers and may be released intermittently to the water column. Large chemoautotrophic sulfur bacteria thrive on hydrogen sulfide and form conspicuous mats on the sediment. Denitrification and nitrification are important components of the nitrogen cycle and anaerobic ammonium oxidation is known to play a significant role as a nitrogen sink in the Benguela upwelling system. Organisms at higher trophic levels like zooplankton play an important role for mineralisation but also for the vertical and lateral transport of organic matter. The physical model component is MOM-4 (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, GFDL). The ecosystem model is a NPZDmodel (Nutrients-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton-Detritus) and is an extension of the ecosystem model ERGOM (Fennel & Neumann, 2004). Three phytoplankton and three zooplankton functional types are distinguished. All ecologically relevant processes mediated by prokaryotes in this ecosystem are implemented and the environmental conditions (e.g. oxygen concentration, temperature etc.) define the metabolic rates. The regional ecosystem model is tailored to the specific oxygen and sulfur dynamics on the shelf and simulates both processes in the water column and in the sediment. This model has been developed within the GENUS-project (Geochemistry and Ecology of the Namibian Upwelling System) funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, reference number 03F0497A). It is an endorsed project of the Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER). | Es wurde ein regionales 3-dimensionales Ökosystemmodell entwickelt, dass die Nährstoff- und Sauerstoffdynamiken im Benguela Auftriebsgebiet simuliert. Angetrieben durch den Südost- Passat wird kaltes, nährstoffreiches Wasser in die Deckschicht aufgetrieben. Das wiederum ist die Grundlage einer hohen Primärproduktion und totes organisches Material sinkt in hohen Raten in die Bodenschicht ab. Ein biomassereicher Schlammgürtel kennzeichnet die Schelfregion vor Namibia. Sowohl biologische als auch hydrodynamische Prozesse bewirken die sehr spezifischen geochmischen Sedimenteigenschaften auf dem Namibischen Schelf. Insbesondere hohe Sulfatreduktionsraten in den Sedimenten produzieren hohe Schwefelwasserstoffkonzentrationen in den oberen Sedimentschichten und Schwefelwasserstoff kann auch sporadisch in die Wassersäule austreten. Große chemoautotrophe Schwefelbakterien leben von der Oxidation des Schwefelwasserstoffs und bilden auffällige Bakterienmatten auf der Sedimentoberfläche. Denitrifizierung und Nitrifizierung sind wichtige Komponenten des Stickstoffzyklus und Anaerobe Ammoniumoxidation ist eine signifikante Stickstoffsenke im Benguela Auftriebsgebiet. Organismen auf höheren trophischen Ebenen wie das Zooplankton spielen sowohl eine wichtige Rolle in der Mineralisierung als auch im vertikalen und lateralen Transport von organischem Material. Die physikalische Modellkomponente ist MOM-4 (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, GFDL). Das Ökosystemmodell ist ein NPZD-Modell (Nährstoffe-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton-Detritus) und ist eine Weiterentwicklung des Ökosystemmodells ERGOM (Fennel & Neumann, 2004). Je drei funktionelle Gruppen werden für das Phytoplankton und das Zooplankton unterschieden. Alle ökologisch relevanten mikrobiellen Prozesse im Ökosystem sind implementiert und die Umweltbedingungen (z.B. Sauerstoffkonzentration, Temperatur) bestimmen die Umsatzraten. Das regionale Ökosystemmodell ist auf die speziellen Sauerstoff- und Schwefeldynamiken auf dem Schelf zugeschnitten und simuliert sowohl die Prozesse in der Wassersäule als auch im Sediment. Das Modell wurde im Rahmen des Projektes GENUS (Geochemistry and Ecology of the Namibian Upwelling System) entwickelt und ist finanziert vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF, Förderkennzeichen 03F0497A). Das Projekt ist Teil des internationalen Forschungsverbundes IMBER (Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research).
    Pages: Online-Ressource (69 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Description / Table of Contents: The Baltic Sea is surrounded by land, thus exchanges with the open ocean only take place through the North Sea. The Baltic Sea is divided into different deep basins connected by narrow sills and channels. Compared to the open ocean and the North Sea the salinity in the Baltic Sea is generally low due to large amounts of fresh water provided by river discharges. Inflowing saline water from the North Sea travels along the bottom and therefore produces a permanent halocline, separating the surface water from the deep water in the basins. Saline and also often oxygen-rich inflows are essential for the deep water renewal in the largest basin of the Baltic Sea, the Eastern Gotland Basin (EGB). These inflows occur only under certain meteorological conditions and thus so-called stagnation periods (periods without inflows) can occur for several years, oxygen depletion can lead to the formation of hydrogen sulfide in the Baltic deep water.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 122 Seiten)
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2023-08-09
    Description: Salinization of the upper aquifer of the northern Elbe-Weser region almost extends to the surface. Chloride content exceeds 250 mg/l and the groundwater is therefore, according to the German Drinking Water Ordinance, not suitable as drinking water. The chloride content in the aquifer originates from early flooding with seawater which occurred during the Holocene sea level rise. Depth and extent of the salinization were mapped by airborne electromagnetic surveys and validated by groundwater analyses. In the transition zone between the marshlands and geest areas, the fresh-saline groundwater interface falls to a depth of 〉 −175 m NHN. Due to the extensive drainage of the marshlands, seepage of fresh groundwater is impeded. Instead, an upconing of the fresh-saline groundwater interface appears due to an upwardly directed hydraulic gradient. Due to climate change, chloride concentrations will increase along the coastlines. Further inland, a decrease of chloride content in near-surface groundwater will occur.
    Description: Interreg http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100013276
    Description: Landesamt für Bergbau, Energie und Geologie (LBEG) (4273)
    Keywords: ddc:551.49 ; Fresh-saline groundwater interface ; HEM ; Drainage ; Cl/Br ratio ; Climate change ; Süß‑/Salzwassergrenze ; HEM ; Cl/Br-Verhältnis ; Klimawandel
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-02-23
    Description: Future generations of global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) can benefit from optical technologies. Especially optical clocks could back-up or replace the currently used microwave clocks, having the potential to improve GNSS position determination enabled by their lower frequency instabilities. Furthermore, optical clock technologies—in combination with optical inter-satellite links—enable new GNSS architectures, e.g., by synchronization of distant optical frequency references within the constellation using time and frequency transfer techniques. Optical frequency references based on Doppler-free spectroscopy of molecular iodine are seen as a promising candidate for a future GNSS optical clock. Compact and ruggedized setups have been developed, showing frequency instabilities at the 10–15 level for averaging times between 1 s and 10,000 s. We introduce optical clock technologies for applications in future GNSS and present the current status of our developments of iodine-based optical frequency references.
    Description: DLR
    Description: Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) (4202)
    Keywords: ddc:526 ; Optical clock ; Iodine reference ; Space instrumentation ; Future GNSS
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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