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  • 1
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    Chapter 1 The Articles of Faith of Citizen Aid Actors – between Dreams and Realities (2023)
    Taylor & Francis | Routledge
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: Over the years, established NGOs have been increasingly criticised for losing their role as transformational powers because of processes of (among others) professionalisation and bureaucratisation and, related to this, increased dependence on government funding. The organisational features of citizen aid are what distinguish them from established development organisations. Are the small and voluntary organisations run by citizens as a consequence and contrary to their established counterparts, not ‘too close for comfort’ and able to live up to the ‘articles of faith’ as distinguished by Tendler? This first chapter introduces the book, the two parts and the different chapters and authors. More importantly, it sets the stage by discussing the emergence of citizen aid particularly in the field of international cooperation and the many different ways they are related to other development actors, and bringing together the different names and concepts with which this phenomenon has been studied over the last decade and which are used in this book. All the research that has gone into private development organisations (mainly under the name of NGO studies) has provided little insight into broader groups of these NGOs and has been focused primarily on a few big organisations. In effect, we acknowledge the diversity in the sector but, in fact, know relatively little about that same diversity. This volume tackles that shortcoming of the existing literature. We study the rise of citizen aid as part of the changing aid architecture, with a clear folk to folk dimension, which includes aspects of solidarity and global citizenship. We discuss how the alternative nature of this actor, being small in scale and voluntary, determines their role as development actors.
    Keywords: Citizen Aid actors, NGOs, NGO studies, Voluntary Development Organisations
    Language: English
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    Format: image/jpeg
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    E-BOOK
  • 2
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    Suprathermal Fe in the Earth's Plasma Environment: Cluster RAPID Observations (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-26
    Description: Baryonic matter in geospace is almost exclusively in a plasma state, with protons (H +) and to some extent ionized helium (He) and oxygen (O) being the dominant ion species. But also other heavier ion species and even molecular ions are present in geospace. The Research with Adaptive Particle Imaging Detectors (RAPID) on board the Cluster satellites can identify and characterize some of these ions by utilizing their measured time of flight and energy. Usually, the measurements are then assigned into three discrete species channels; protons (H +), helium (He), and a common channel for carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen (CNO), each with flux, energy, and angular information. But RAPID also has a Direct Event (DE) diagnostic mode in which the full time of flight and energy information for a limited number of incident particles are stored. With knowledge about energy losses in the various detector parts, it is then possible to derive the atomic mass of the incident particle. In this paper we report on results from a study of Cluster DE events during the years 2001–2018, with a particular emphasis of iron (Fe) ions. We show that suprathermal Fe ions can be found all over geospace covered by Cluster, and that the time variation is consistent with modulation by geomagnetic disturbances and solar activity. We do not find any clear correlations between detection of suprathermal Fe and meteor showers or sputtering off the moon.
    Keywords: 538.7 ; composition ; ion outflow ; energetic particles
    Language: English
    Type: article
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 3
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    Anomalous Reconnection Layer at Earth's Dayside Magnetopause (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-01
    Description: Observations by the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft (MMS) of an unusual layer, located between the dayside magnetosheath and the magnetosphere, alternating with encounters with the magnetosheath during an extended time period between December 31, 2015 and January 01, 2016, when the interplanetary magnetic field was strongly southward and the Earth's dipole tilt large and negative, are presented. It appears to have been magnetically connected to both magnetosphere and magnetosheath. The layer appears to be located mostly on closed field lines and was bounded by a rotational discontinuity (RD) at its magnetosheath edge and by the magnetosphere on its earthward side. A separatrix layer, with heated magnetosheath electrons streaming unidirectionally along the field lines, was present sunward of the RD. We infer that the layer was started by a dominant reconnection site well north of the spacecraft and that it may have gained additional width, from a large drop in solar wind density and ram pressure, which preceded the beginning of the event by more than an hour. Relative to the magnetosheath, in which the magnetic field was strongly southward, this unusual layer was characterized by a less southward, more dawnward magnetic field of lower magnitude. The plasma density and flow speed in the region were lower than in the magnetosheath, albeit with Alfvénic jetting occurring at the magnetosheath edge as well as at the magnetospheric edge of the layer. The closing of the magnetic field lines requires the existence of another reconnection site, located southward/tailward of MMS.
    Description: Key Points: Magnetopause encounter for strongly southward interplanetary magnetic field, low solar wind Alfvén Mach number, and large dipole tilt. Persistent and broad magnetopause layer with magnetospheric O+ and heated magnetosheath plasma. Inferred dominant reconnection site near northern cusp, far from the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft location.
    Description: MPE
    Description: NASA http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000104
    Description: Norwegian Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005416
    Keywords: ddc:538.7
    Language: English
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 4
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    Prediction and Understanding of Soft-proton Contamination in XMM-Newton: A Machine Learning Approach (2020)
    In:  The Astrophysical Journal
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-14
    Description: One of the major and unfortunately unforeseen sources of background for the current generation of X-ray telescopes are few tens to hundreds of keV (soft) protons concentrated by the mirrors. One such telescope is the European Space Agency's (ESA) X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission (XMM-Newton). Its observing time lost due to background contamination is about 40%. This loss of observing time affects all the major broad science goals of this observatory, ranging from cosmology to astrophysics of neutron stars and black holes. The soft-proton background could dramatically impact future large X-ray missions such as the ESA planned Athena mission (http://www.the-athena-x-ray-observatory.eu/). Physical processes that trigger this background are still poorly understood. We use a machine learning (ML) approach to delineate related important parameters and to develop a model to predict the background contamination using 12 yr of XMM-Newton observations. As predictors we use the location of the satellite and solar and geomagnetic activity parameters. We revealed that the contamination is most strongly related to the distance in the southern direction, Z (XMM-Newton observations were in the southern hemisphere), the solar wind radial velocity, and the location on the magnetospheric magnetic field lines. We derived simple empirical models for the first two individual predictors and an ML model that utilizes an ensemble of the predictors (Extra-Trees Regressor) and gives better performance. Based on our analysis, future missions should minimize observations during times associated with high solar wind speed and avoid closed magnetic field lines, especially at the dusk flank region in the southern hemisphere.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 5
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    An investigation of dawn-dusk asymmetries in the plasma sheet (2023)
    In:  XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-03
    Description: Since the concept of an open magnetosphere was put forward by Dungey (1961), it has been extensively demonstrated that the dynamics of the magnetosphere-ionosphere system is controlled by the convection of plasma and magnetic flux. In a previous study (Decotte et al., 2023, in review), we have described the auroral oval morphology by deriving the Auroral Occurrence Probability (AOP) from electron energy flux measurements from low-Earth orbiting satellites. The AOP distributions for various geomagnetic conditions revealed a persistent wider dawn sector. In order to explain this asymmetry, we proposed a theory based on a topological mapping between the auroral oval and the magnetospheric plasma sheet, and suggested that the influence of the Earth’s rotation during the sunward transport of the plasma sheet could lead to a pile-up of magnetic flux in the dawn magnetosphere. Here, we investigate this asymmetry in the plasma sheet, which should be detectable in plasma properties statistics from in-situ magnetospheric measurements.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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