ALBERT

Note: Contents: Lists of figures. - List of contributors. - Preface. - 1. Challenges for ice age dynamics: a dynamical systems perspective / Michel Crucifix, Guillaume Lenoir and Takahito Mitsui. - 2. Tipping points in the climate system / Peter Ditlevsen. - 3. Atmospheric teleconnection patterns / Steven B. Feldstein and Christian L. E. Franzke. - 4. Atmospheric regimes: the link between weather and the large scale circulation / David M. Straus, Franco Molteni and Susanna Corti. - 5. Low-frequency regime transitions and predictability of regimes in a barotropic model / Balu T. Nadiga and Terence J. O'Kane. - 6. Complex network techniques for climatological data analysis / Reik V. Donner, Marc Wiedermann and Jonathan F. Donges. - 7. On inference and validation of causality relations in climate teleconnections / Illia Horenko, Susanne Gerber, Terence J. O'Kane, James S. Risbey and Didier P. Monselesan. - 8. Stochastic climate theory / Georg A. Gottwald, Daan T. Crommelin and Christian L. E. Franzke. - 9. Stochastic subgrid modelling for geophysical and three-dimensional turbulence / Jorgen S. Frederiksen, Vassili Kitsios, Terence J. O'Kane and Meelis J. Zidikheri. - 10. Model error in data assimilation / John Harlim. - 11. Long-term memory in climate: detection, extreme events, and significance of trends / Armin Bunde and Josef Ludescher. - 12. Fractional stochastic models for heavy tailed, and long-range dependent, fluctuations in physical systems / Nicholas W. Watkins. - 13. Modelling spatial extremes using Max-Stable Processes / Mathieu Ribatet. - 14. Extreme value analysis in dynamical systems: two case studies / Tamás Bódai. - Index.

Note: Contents Model Systematic Errors in the Annual Cycle of Monsoon: Inferences from Process-Based Diagnostics / H. Annamalai Challenges in Tropical Numerical Weather Prediction at ECMWF / Peter Bechtold Convection Initiation in Climate Models Using the Heated Condensation Framework: A Review / Rodrigo J. Bombardi, Ahmed B. Tawfik, Lawrence Marx, Paul A. Dirmeyer and James L. Kinter III Cloud Microphysics Across Scales for Weather and Climate / Andrew Gettelman, Hugh Morrison and Greg Thompson Microphysical Representations and Their Consistency with In Situ and Remote-Sensing Observations / Ziad S. Haddad Convective Available Potential Energy and Precipitation in a Cloud-Resolving Model Simulation of Indian Summer Monsoon / Deepeshkumar Jain, Arindam Chakraborty and Ravi S. Nanjundiah A Gray Zone GCM with Full Representation of Cloud Microphysics / In-Sik Kang and Min-Seop Ahn The Stochastic Multi-cloud Model (SMCM) Convective Parameterization in the CFSv2: Scopes and Opportunities / B. B. Goswami, B. Khouider, R. Phani, Parthasarathi Mukhopadhyay and A. J. Majda The IITM Earth System Model (ESM): Development and Future Roadmap / R. Krishnan, P. Swapna, Ramesh Vellore, Sandeep Narayanasetti, A. G. Prajeesh, Ayantika Dey Choudhury, Manmeet Singh, T. P. Sabin and J. Sanjay Cumulus Friction in the Asian Monsoon of a Global Model with 7 km Mesh / Suvarchal K. Cheedela and Brian E. Mapes Difficulties in the Subgrid-Scale Redistribution of Moisture of a Global Cloud-Resolving Model / Hiroaki Miura Challenges of Improving the Stratiform Processes in a Coupled Climate Model with Indian Monsoon Perspective / Parthasarathi Mukhopadhyay, R. Phani Murali Krishna, S. Abhik, Malay Ganai and Kumar Roy Current and Future Activities in Unified Modelling and Data Assimilation at NCMRWF / E. N. Rajagopal, A. K. Mitra, Munmun Das Gupta, John P. George, Raghavendra Ashrit, Abhijit Sarkar and A. Jayakumar Microphysics in Goddard Multi-scale Modeling Systems: A Review / W.-K. Tao, J. Chern, T. Iguchi, S. Lang, M.-I. Lee, X. Li, A. Loftus, T. Matsui, K. Mohr, S. Nicholls, C. Peters-Lidard, D. J. Posselt and G. Skofronick-Jackson Stochastic Representation of NCEP GEFS to Improve Sub-seasonal Forecast / Yuejian Zhu, Wei Li, Xiaqiong Zhou and Dingchen Hou New Pathways for Moist Convection Parameterisation / A. Pier Siebesma and Jesse Dorrestijn Land Surface Processes / Dev Niyogi Author Index

Note: Contents Part I Introduction 1 Cardiac Development and Animal Models of Congenital Heart Defects / Robert G. Kelly 2 Normal Cardiac Anatomy and Clinical Evaluation / David J. Driscoll Part II Development of the Heart and Its Vessels 3 First and Second Heart Field / Margaret Buckingham 4 Neural Crest / Bijoy Thattaliyath and Mary Hutson 5 Inflow Tract Development / Andy Wessels 6 Epicardium and Coronary Arteries / José C. Martín-Robles and José M. Pérez-Pomares 7 Establishment of Cardiac Laterality / George C. Gabriel and Cecilia W. Lo 8 Cardiac Conduction System / Rajiv Mohan and Vincent M. Christoffels 9 Hemodynamics During Development and Postnatal Life / David Sedmera 10 Evolutionary Aspects of Cardiac Development / Bjarke Jensen and Antoon F.M. Moorman Part III Central Molecular Pathways 11 Inter- and Intracellular Signaling Pathways / Jörg Heineke 12 Cardiac Transcription Factors and Regulatory Networks / Marcel Grunert, Cornelia Dorn, and Silke Rickert-Sperling 13 Post-transcriptional Regulation by Proteins and Non-coding RNAs / Amelia E. Aranega and Diego Franco 14 Post-translational Modification / Jun Wang and Robert J. Schwartz 15 Epigenetics / Rajan Jain, Mudit Gupta, and Jonathan A. Epstein 16 Environmental Signals / George A. Porter Jr. 17 The Contractile Apparatus of the Heart / Ingo Morano 18 Technologies to Study Genetics and Molecular Pathways / Cornelia Dorn, Marcel Grunert, Ana Dopazo, Fátima Sánchez-Cabo, Alberto Gatto, Jésus Vázquez, Silke Rickert-Sperling, and Enrique Lara-Pezzi Part IV Atrial Septal Defect 19 Clinical Presentation and Therapy of Atrial Septal Defect / David J. Driscoll 20 Human Genetics of Atrial Septal Defect / Rabia Khan and Patrick Y. Jay 21 Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Atrial Septal Defect / Patrick Y. Jay, Karl R. Degenhardt, and Robert H. Anderson Part V Ventricular Septal Defect 22 Clinical Presentation and Therapy of Ventricular Septal Defect / David J. Driscoll 23 Human Genetics of Ventricular Septal Defect / Katherina Bellmann, Andreas Perrot, and Silke Rickert-Sperling 24 Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Ventricular Septal Defect / Lucile Houyel Part VI Atrioventricular Septal Defect 25 Clinical Presentation and Therapy of Atrioventricular Septal Defect / David J. Driscoll 26 Human Genetics of Atrioventricular Septal Defect / Cheryl L. Maslen 27 Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Atrioventricular Septal Defect / Andy Wessels Part VII Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return 28 Clinical Presentation and Therapy of Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return / David J. Driscoll 29 Human Genetics of Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return / Robert E. Poelmann, Monique R.M. Jongbloed, Marco C. DeRuiter, and Adriana C. Gittenberger-de Groot 30 Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return / Robert E. Poelmann, Adriana C. Gittenberger-de Groot, Monique R.M. Jongbloed, and Marco C. DeRuiter Part VIII Tetralogy of Fallot and Double Outlet Right Ventricle 31 Clinical Presentation and Therapy of Tetralogy of Fallot and Double Outlet Right Ventricle / David J. Driscoll 32 Human Genetics of Tetralogy of Fallot and Double Outlet Right Ventricle / Cornelia Dorn, Andreas Perrot, and Silke Rickert-Sperling 33 Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Tetralogy of Fallot and Double Outlet Right Ventricle / Robert G. Kelly Part IX d-Transposition of the Great Arteries 34 Clinical Presentation and Therapy of d-Transposition of the Great Arteries / David J. Driscoll 35 Human Genetics of d-Transposition of the Great Arteries / Patrice Bouvagnet and Anne Moreau de Bellaing 36 Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of d-Transposition of the Great Arteries / Amy-Leigh Johnson and Simon D. Bamforth Part X Defects of Situs 37 Clinical Presentation and Therapy of Defects of Situs / David J. Driscoll 38 Human Genetics of Defects of Situs / Andreas Perrot and Silke Rickert-Sperling 39 Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Defects of Situs / Nikolai T. Klena, George C. Gabriel, and Cecilia W. Lo Part XI Semilunar Valve and Aortic Arch Anomalies 40 Clinical Presentation and Therapy of Semilunar Valve and Aortic Arch Anomalies / David J. Driscoll 41 Human Genetics of Semilunar Valve and Aortic Arch Anomalies / Matina Prapa and Siew Yen Ho 42 Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Semilunar Valve and Aortic Arch Anomalies / Amy-Leigh Johnson and Simon D. Bamforth Part XII Coronary Artery Anomalies 43 Clinical Presentation and Therapy of Coronary Artery Anomalies / David J. Driscoll 44 Human Genetics of Coronary Artery Anomalies / Beatriz Picazo and José M. Pérez-Pomares 45 Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Coronary Artery Anomalies / Juan A. Guadix and José M. Pérez-Pomares Part XIII Truncus Arteriosus 46 Clinical Presentation and Therapy of Truncus Arteriosus / David J. Driscoll 47 Human Genetics of Truncus Arteriosus / Hiroyuki Yamagishi 48 Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Truncus Arteriosus / Amy-Leigh Johnson and Simon D. Bamforth Part XIV Tricuspid Atresia and Univentricular Heart 49 Clinical Presentation and Therapy of Tricuspid Atresia and Univentricular Heart / David J. Driscoll 50 Human Genetics of Tricuspid Atresia and Univentricular Heart / Abdul-Karim Sleiman, Liane Sadder, and George Nemer 51 Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Tricuspid Atresia and Univentricular Heart / Kamel Shibbani and George Nemer Part XV Ebstein Anomaly 52 Clinical Presentation and Therapy of Ebstein Anomaly / David J. Driscoll 53 Human Genetics of Ebstein Anomaly / Gregor U. Andelfinger 54 Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Ebstein Anomaly / Gregor U. Andelfinger Part XVI Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome 55 Clinical Presentation and Therapy of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / David J. Driscoll 56 Human Genetics of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Woodrow D. Benson 57 Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Florian Wünnemann and Gregor U. Andelfinger Part XVII Cardiomyopathies 58 Clinical Presentation and Therapy of Cardiomyopathies / David J. Driscoll 59 Human Genetics of Cardiomyopathies / Alexa M.C. Vermeer, Arthur A.M. Wilde, and Imke Christiaans 60 Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Cardiomyopathies / Enkhsaikhan Purevjav

Note: Contents 1 Sustainability Definitions, Historical Context, and Frameworks / Sandra J. Garren and Robert Brinkmann Part I Environment 2 Sustainability and Natural Landscape Stewardship: A US Conservation Case Study / Johanna Kovarik 3 Policy Design for Sustainability at Multiple Scales: The Case of Transboundary Haze Pollution in Southeast Asia / Ishani Mukherjee 4 Sustainable Water Resources Management: Groundwater Depletion / Brian F. Thomas and Aimee C. Gibbons 5 America’s Path to Drinking Water Infrastructure Inequality and Environmental Injustice: The Case of Flint, Michigan / Adrienne L. Katner, Kelsey Pieper, Yanna Lambrinidou, Komal Brown, Wilma Subra, and Marc Edwards 6 Sustainable Renewable Energy: The Case of Burlington, Vermont / Sandra J. Garren 7 Greenhouse Gas Management: A Case Study of a Typical American City / Rachel M. Krause and J. C. Martel 8 Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in China: An Unsustainable Situation in Search of a Solution / Haakon Vennemo and Kristin Aunan 9 Waste Management Outlook for the Middle East / Salman Zafar 10 The Sustainability of Vicuña Conservation in Bolivia / Melissa Grigione, Lisa F. Daugherty, Rurik List, Jonathan Rushton, and Ronald Sarno 11 The Efficacy of Small Closures: A Tale of Two Marine Protected Areas in Canada / Ryan Stanley, Corey Morris, Paul Snelgrove, Anna Metaxas, and Pierre Pepin Part II Equity 12 Urban Social Sustainability: The Case Study of Nottingham, UK / Jenni Cauvain 13 Methods for Integrated Sustainability Assessment: The Case of Small Holder Farming in Karnataka, South India / Sheetal Patil and Seema Purushothaman 14 Japanese Women and Antinuclear Activism After the Fukushima Accident / Heidi Hutner 15 Emerging Social Movements for Sustainability: Understanding and Scaling Up Upcycling in the UK / Kyungeun Sung, Tim Cooper, and Sarah Kettley 16 Urban Vulnerability of Waste Workers in Nigerian Cities: The Case of Aba, Nigeria / Thaddeus Chidi Nzeadibe and Friday Uchenna Ochege 17 Designing Personal Sustainability into Organizational Culture: The Case of Burning Man / Morgan C. Benton and Nicole M. Radziwill 18 Political Leadership and Sustainability in Africa: Margaret Kenyatta / Jo-Ansie van Wyk 19 Environmental Law / Yumiko Nakanishi 20 Brownfield Redevelopment: Recycling the Urban Environment / Elizabeth Strom 21 Methodology for Selection of Sustainability Criteria: A Case of Social Housing in Peru / Daniel R. Rondinel-Oviedo and Christopher Schreier-Barreto 22 Treehugger Organic Farm: Visions for Small-Scale, Sustainable Agriculture in Broward, Florida / Thelma I. Velez Part III Economy 23 Economic Development and Sustainability: A Case Study from Long Island, New York / Robert Brinkmann 24 Sustainable Business / Deborah Rigling Gallagher 25 Contributing to Competitiveness in Retailing by Engaging in Sustainability: The Case of Migros / Thomas Rudolph, Kristina Kleinlercher, Marc Linzmajer, and Cornelia Diethelm 26 Environmental Purchasing in the City of Phoenix / Nicole Darnall, Lily Hsueh, Justin M.Stritch, and Stuart Bretchneider 27 The Dual Promise of Green Jobs: Sustainability and Economic Equity / Ellen Scully-Russ 28 Is Ecotourism Sustainable? A Case Study from Sri Lanka / Rathnayake Mudiyanselage Wasantha Rathnayake 29 Green Building and Sustainability: Diffusing Green Building Approaches in the UK and Germany / Kirstie O’Neill and David Gibbs 30 Green Universities: The Example of Western Kentucky University / Leslie A. North and Christian N. Ryan 31 Events, Festivals, and Sustainability: The Woodford Folk Festival, Australia / Kirsten Holmes and Judith Mair 32 We’d Like Our Clothes Back Please! Partnering with Consumers to Achieve Sustainability Goals / Diane M. Phillips and Jason Keith Phillips 33 Green IT: Hofstra University’s Information Technology Upgrades Created Unplanned Sustainable “Green Benefits” by Increasing Efficiency and Reducing Costs / Margaret Linehan and Catherine Fisher Part IV Regional and Local Examples 34 Sustainability in North America: The Canadian Experience / Mark Roseland and Maria Spiliotopoulou 35 African Sustainability and Global Governance / Timothy M. Shaw 36 Urban Sustainability in India: Evolution, Challenges and Opportunities / Shrimoyee Bhattacharya 37 Sustainability in Africa: The Service Delivery Issues of Zimbabwe / Innocent Chirisa, Liaison Mukarwi, and Abraham R. Matamanda 38 Sustainable Transportation in Mexico / Nora Munguia and Velazquez Luis 39 Sustainability in Small States: Luxembourg as a Post-suburban Space Under Growth Pressure in Need of a Cross-National Sustainability / Constance Carr 40 Florida’s Growth Management Experience: From Top-Down Direction to Laissez Faire Land Use / Aaron Deslatte 41 Planning for City Sustainability: GreenWorks Orlando Case Study / Christopher V. Hawkins 42 ZukunftGestalten@MUAS: Designing the Future at Munich University of Applied Science / Sascha Zinn and Ralf Isenmann 43 Sustainable Transportation Planning in the BosWash Corridor / Michelle R. Oswald Beiler 44 State-Sponsored Sustainability Within the Emirate of Abu Dhabi / Charles A. Matz III Index

Note: Contents Part I Rationale for Soil Security 1 Soil Security: A Rationale / Alex B. McBratney, Damien J. Field, Cristine L.S. Morgan, and Lorna E. Jarrett 2 Soil Security: Dimensions / Damien J. Field Part II Capability 3 Soil Capability: Exploring the Functional Potentials of Soils / Johan Bouma, M.K. van Ittersum, J.J. Stoorvogel, N.H. Batjes, P. Droogers, and M.M. Pulleman 4 Distinguishing Between Capability and Condition / Damien J. Field and T. Sanderson 5 Valuing of Soil Capability in Land Surface Modeling / Cristine L.S. Morgan, Yohannes T. Yimam, Michael Barlage, David Gochis, and Bright Dornblaser 6 Soil Capability for the USA Now and into the Future / Maxine J. Levin, R. Dobos, S. Peaslee, D.W. Smith, and C. Seybold 7 Quantifying Capability: GlobalSoilMap / Alex B. McBratney, Dominique Arrouays, and Lorna E. Jarrett 8 Testing the Links Between Soil Security, Sustainable Land Management Practices and Land Evaluation / Brian Murphy Part III Condition 9 General Concepts of Valuing and Caring for Soil / Alex B. McBratney, Damien J. Field, and Lorna E. Jarrett 10 Soil Health: Challenges and Opportunities / Diane E. Stott and Bianca N. Moebius-Clune 11 Using Soil Survey to Assess and Predict Soil Condition and Change / Skye Wills, Candiss Williams, C. Seybold, Linda Scheffe, Zamir Libohova, David Hoover, Curtis Talbot, and Joel Brown 12 Root-Microbe Interactions in Response to Soil Conditions / Anil Somenahally 13 Securing Our Soil in Intensive Monoculture Cropping Systems / Katie L. Lewis, Paul DeLaune, and Wayne Keeling 14 Soil Organic Carbon Stocks and Soil Respiration in Tropical Secondary Forests in Southern Mexico / Deb Raj Aryal, Bernardus Hendricus Joseph De Jong, Jorge Mendoza-Vega, Susana Ochoa-Gaona, and Ligia Esparza-Olguín 15 Simulating Impacts of Bioenergy Sorghum Residue Return on Soil Organic Carbon and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Using the DAYCENT Model / Yong Wang, Fugen Dou, Joseph O. Storlien, Jason P. Wight, Keith H. Paustian, Stephen J. Del Grosso, and Frank M. Hons 16 Cover Crops for Enriching Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Under Bioenergy Sorghum / Upendra M. Sainju, H.P. Singh, and B.P. Singh Part IV Capital 17 Economics, Energy, Climate Change, and Soil Security / Bruce A. McCarl 18 Understanding Soils’ Contribution to Ecosystem Services Provision to Inform Farm System Analysis / Estelle Dominati, A. Mackay, and J. Rendel 19 The Dollars and Cents of Soil Health / Charles M. Benbrook 20 The Value of Soil’s Contributions to Ecosystem Services / Alex B. McBratney, Cristine L.S. Morgan, and Lorna E. Jarrett 21 Economics of Land Degradation to Estimate Capital Value of Soil in Eurasia / Pavel Krasilnikov, Alexey Sorokin, Alisher Mirzabaev, Oleg Makarov, Anton Strokov, and Sergey Kiselev 22 Social Licensing to Secure Soil / Cristine L.S. Morgan, Gaylon D. Morgan, and Dianna Bagnall Part V Connectivity 23 Soil Renaissance and the Connection to Land Managers / Bill Buckner 24 Links Between Soil Security and the Influence of Soil on Human Health / Eric C. Brevik, Joshua J. Steffan, Lynn C. Burgess, and Artemi Cerdà 25 Soil Contamination and Human Health: A Major Challenge for Global Soil Security / Florence Carré, Julien Caudeville, Roseline Bonnard, Valérie Bert, Pierre Boucard, and Martine Ramel 26 The Measurement of Soil Security in Terms of Human Health: Examples and Ideas / Sung Chul Kim, Kyung Jae Lim, and Jae E. Yang 27 The Meta Soil Model: An Integrative Multi- model Framework for Soil Security / Sabine Grunwald, Katsutoshi Mizuta, Marcos B. Ceddia, Érika F.M. Pinheiro, R. Kay Kastner Wilcox, Carla P. Gavilan, C. Wade Ross, and Christopher M. Clingensmith 28 Integrating New Perspectives to Address Global Soil Security: Ideas from Integral Ecology / Sabine Grunwald, Christopher M. Clingensmith, Carla P. Gavilan, Katsutoshi Mizuta, R. Kay Kastner Wilcox, Érika F.M. Pinheiro, Marcos B. Ceddia, and C. Wade Ross 29 Applying the Meta Soil Model: The Complexities of Soil and Water Security in a Permanent Protection Area in Brazil / Marcos B. Ceddia, Sabine Grunwald, Érika F.M. Pinheiro, Katsutoshi Mizuta, Christopher M. Clingensmith, and Milton Marques Fernandes 30 Bridging the Research Management Gap to Restore Ecosystem Function and Social Resilience / W. Richard Teague 31 Engendering Connectivity to Soil Through Aesthetics / Richard J. MacEwan, Ayesha S.A. MacEwan, and Alexandra R. Toland 32 The Role of Master Gardeners in Providing Horticulture Education to Marion County, Florida, Residents / Josephine Leyte-Vidal Part VI Codification 33 Soil-Water-Food Nexus: A Public Opinion and Policy Perspective / Kent E. Portney 34 Whose Security is Important? Communicating Environmental Risk About Soil to a Diverse Audience / Ronald Amundson 35 Save our Soil to Save the Planet / Michael Jeffrey and Hayley Achurch 36 Protection of the Soil Resource in the Brazilian Environmental Legislation / Carlos Gustavo Tornquist and Tiago Broetto 37 Creating Incentives to Improve Soil Health Through the Federal Crop Insurance Program / Lara Bryant and Claire O’Connor 38 US Farm Programs and the Impacts on National and International Soil Security / Katina Dove Hanson and J. Michael Schmidt 39 Soil Security for Agricultural Productivity: The Policy Disconnect and a Promising Future / Andrea Koch 40 Securitisation / Alex B. McBratney and Lorna E. Jarrett 41 The Place of Soil in International Government Policy / Robert Hill 42 Translating Soil Science Knowledge to Public Policy / Luca Montanarella 43 Synthesis: Goals to Achieve Soil Security / Cristine L.S. Morgan, Alex B. McBratney, Damien J. Field, Andrea Koch, Johan Bouma, and Florence Carré Index

Note: Contents 1 A Brief Introduction to the Players 1.1 Silicon 1.2 Silica 1.3 Silicic Acid 1.4 Silicate 1.5 Silicone 2 The Origin of Life Was Brought to You in Part by Silicate Rocks 2.1 Setting the Stage 2.2 A Flight of Fancy 2.3 The Early Earth Was Not Hellacious 2.4 A Fly in the Soup 2.5 The Lost City 2.6 Generating Organic Compounds 2.7 Inventing Metabolism 2.8 The World’s Earliest Biological Carbon Fixation 2.9 Replication Further Reading 3 The Making of Humankind: Silica Lends a Hand (and Maybe a Brain) 3.1 Stone Tools and Their Makers 3.1.1 The Earliest Stone Tools 3.1.2 The Oldowan Industry and Its Practitioners 3.1.3 The Acheulean Industry and Its Practitioners 3.1.4 Neanderthals and the Levallois Technique 3.1.5 Homo sapiens 3.2 Hands and Brains 3.2.1 Give Us a Hand 3.2.2 If I Only Had a Brain Further Reading 4 Mystical Crystals of Silica 4.1 What Is a Crystal? 4.2 Pyroelectricity 4.3 Piezoelectricity 4.4 Sonar 4.5 Quartz Oscillators 4.6 But Why Is There a Piezoelectric Effect? Further Reading 5 Glass Houses and Nanotechnology 5.1 Silica-Centric Musings on the Origin of Biomineralization 5.2 The Early Fossil Record of Silica Biomineralization 5.3 Not All Biomineralization Is Silica Biomineralization 5.4 The World’s First Arms Race 5.5 How to Make a Glass House: Man Versus Nature 5.5.1 Man 5.5.2 Nature 5.6 Some Silica Biomineralizing Organisms that We Are Learning From 5.6.1 Choanoflagellates 5.6.2 Siliceous Sponges 5.6.3 Diatoms 5.7 Siliceous Nanotechnology Further Reading 6 Chicks Need Silica, Too 6.1 It’s All About the Chicks 6.2 Silicosis 6.3 The Dog Days of Silica Medical Research 6.4 Collagen 6.5 Do Human Beings Require Silica? 6.6 To Supplement or not to Supplement 6.7 Silica, Aluminum, and Alzheimer’s Disease Further Reading 7 Of Fields, Phytoliths, and Sewage 7.1 All Plants Have Silica 7.2 Opal Phytoliths 7.3 The Benefits of Opal Phytoliths and of Dissolved Silica 7.4 Is Silica an Essential Plant Nutrient? 7.5 Impact of Agriculture on the Silica Cycle 7.6 The Growing Creep of Silica Removal 7.7 Let’s Go for a Walk Through Time 7.8 Silica in Sewage 7.9 A Plea for Hardy Souls Further Reading 8 Silica, Be Dammed! 8.1 To Put It in a Nutshell 8.2 A Brief History of Human Damming, or How Long Has This Been Going on 8.3 Dams and Silica 8.4 Dams, Eutrophication, and Silica 8.5 Case Study #1: The Laurentian Great Lakes 8.6 Case Study #2: The Baltic Sea 8.7 Case Study #3: The Black Sea 8.8 The Global View Further Reading 9 The Venerable Silica Cycle 9.1 The Silica Cycle 9.2 Silicate Weathering 9.3 Getting Silica from Continent to Ocean 9.4 The Weathering of Oceanic Crust 9.5 Silica Biomineralization in the Ocean 9.6 Silica’s Return to the Mantle 9.7 The Earth’s Early Ocean Was a Tremendously Siliceous Place 9.8 Silica, Cyanobacteria, and Banded Iron Formations 9.9 And then Along Came True Silica Biomineralization Further Reading 10 Silica Saves the Day 10.1 The Goldilocks Zone 10.2 Most of Us Can Model 10.2.1 The Warmth of the Sun 10.2.2 Albedo, Which Is Not a Pasta Sauce 10.2.3 Emissivity 10.3 The Importance of Greenhouse Gases 10.4 Silicate Weathering Consumes Carbon Dioxide 10.5 The Temperature Dependence of Silicate Weathering 10.6 The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum 10.7 Enhanced Weathering Further Reading

Note: Contents Chapter 1 Introdution Chapter 2 Origins Building a Planet, Shaping the Oceans Water, Salt, and Circulation Life, Oxygen, and Carbon Chapter 3 Controls On change Orbital and Solar Changes Greenhouse Gases Plate Tectonics Impacts Chapter 4 Snowball earth and the explosions of life Into the Freezer Out of the Freezer, Into a Greenhouse A Tale of Two Explosions Reverberations Chapter 5 Oceans On acid About Acidification Acidification in Action Chapter 6 The age of reptiles Choking Oceans Salty Giants Chapter 7 Winter is coming Reconstructing Sea-Level Change The Great Northern Ice Ages Ocean Controls on CO2 A Seesaw in the Ocean Chapter 8 Future Oceans and climate Our Carbon Emissions Consequences Epilogue Acknowledgments Bibliography Index

Note: Contents 1 The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing II / Iain J. Gordon and Herbert H. T. Prins 2 The Palaeontology of Browsing and Grazing / Juha Saarinen 3 The Paleoecological Impact of Grazing and Browsing: Consequences of the Late Quaternary Large Herbivore Extinctions / John Rowan and J. T. Faith 4 Morphological and Physiological Adaptations for Browsing and Grazing / Daryl Codron, Reinhold R. Hofmann, and Marcus Clauss 5 Feeding Ecology of Large Browsing and Grazing Herbivores / Jan A. Venter, Mika M. Vermeulen, and Christopher F. Brooke 6 Population Dynamics of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates in the Anthropocene / Christian Kiffner and Derek E. Lee 7 Community Dynamics of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates / Charudutt Mishra, Munib Khanyari, Herbert H. T. Prins, and Kulbhushansingh R. Suryawanshi 8 Weather and Climate Impacts on Browsing and Grazing Ungulates / Randall B. Boone 9 Impacts of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates on Soil Biota and Nutrient Dynamics / Judith Sitters and Walter S. Andriuzzi 10 Effects of Grazing and Browsing on Tropical Savanna Vegetation / Frank van Langevelde, Claudius A. D. M. van de Vijver, Herbert H. T. Prins, and Thomas A. Groen 11 Impacts of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates on Plant Characteristics and Dynamics / Autumn E. Sabo 12 Impacts of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates on Faunal Biodiversity / Krisztián Katona and Corli Coetsee 13 Interactions Between Fire and Herbivory: Current Understanding and Management Implications / Izak P. J. Smit and Corli Coetsee 14 Managing Browsing and Grazing Ungulates / Richard W. S. Fynn, David J. Augustine, and Samuel D. Fuhlendorf 15 The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing in Other Vertebrate Taxa / Iain J. Gordon, Herbert H. T. Prins, Jordan Mallon, Laura D. Puk, Everton B. P. Miranda, Carolina Starling-Manne, René van der Wal, Ben Moore, William Foley, Lucy Lush, Renan Maestri, Ikki Matsuda, and Marcus Clauss 16 Browsers and Grazers Drive the Dynamics of Ecosystems / Iain J. Gordon and Herbert H. T. Prins Index