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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Misidentification of soil bacteria by fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and BIOLOG analyses (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 256-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Arthrobacter ; Micrococcus ; Rhizosphere ; Similarity index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis is commonly used by soil scientists as a sole method for identifying soil bacteria. We observed discrepancies with this method for identifying certain species of bacteria. Therefore, we used carbon substrate oxidation patterns (BIOLOG) and some simple physical and chemical tests to determine the extent of these discrepancies. Identification with FAME profiles gave false positives for Arthrobacter globiformis, Micrococcus kristinae, and M. luteus, and identification with BIOLOG patterns gave a false positive identification for A. globiformis. A visual check and Gram stain are recommended when FAME analysis identifies soil isolates as M. kristinae or M. luteus, and an additional spore formation test is recommended when FAME and BIOLOG analyses identify isolates as A. globiformis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000244
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses by iron-efficient and inefficient oat cultivars to inoculation with siderophore-producing bacteria in a calcareous soil (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 16 (1993), S. 118-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Siderophores ; Rhizosphere bacteria ; Pseudomonas ; Iron uptake ; Oats ; Inoculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rhizosphere bacteria may enhance plant uptake of Fe by producing siderophores that chelate sparingly soluble Fe3+ in calcareous soils. To evaluate the extent to which plants benefit from colonization of the roots by prolific siderophore-producing bacteria, we inoculated two oat cultivars with six strains of bacteria that produced high concentrations of siderophores under Felimiting conditions in vitro. Oat cv Coker 227, an Fe-efficient cultivar, which produces the phytosiderophore avenic acid, and cv TAM 0-312, and Fe-inefficient cultivar, which does not produce the phytosiderophore, were grown in a calcareous soil (Weswood silt loam) on a light bench in the laboratory. Half of the plants were fertilized with a nutrient solution containing 5 mM Fe and half with a nutrient solution containing no Fe. After 6 weeks of growth, we compared colonization of the roots by the inoculant bacteria and the dry weight and Fe content of roots and shoots. Three species of Pseudomonas colonized the roots of both oat cultivars in high numbers (≥106 cells g-1 root dry weight), whereas the remaining bacteria colonized the roots in substantially lower numbers (≤104 cells g-1 root dry weight). Plants fertilized with 5 mM Fe were larger and supported greater numbers or rhizosphere bacteria per gram of root than plants not supplied with Fe. Comparisons of the Fe content and dry weight of roots and shoots revealed few significant differences between inoculated and uninoculated plants, or among the plants inoculated with the different strains of siderophore-producing bacteria. The differences that were observed revealed no consistent response to inoculation. We conclude that inoculation of the roots of the two oat cultivars with bacteria that produce high concentrations of siderophores in response to an Fe deficiency had little or no effect on Fe acquisition by the plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369412
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of low pO2 on colonization of maize roots by a genetically altered Pseudomonas putida [PH6(L1019)] (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1997), S. 43-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Low pO2 ; Rhizosphere ; Pseudomonads ; Competition ; LacZY
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Among the factors which may affect colonization of roots by soil bacteria is that of rhizosphere oxygen partial pressure (pO2). The oxygen concentration in the root zone influences both microbes and roots. Roots exposed to low pO2, as might occur during flooding and waterlogging of the soil, become more leaky and loss of soluble carbon increases. To determine whether periods of low pO2 increased root colonization by a genetically altered pseudomonad we inoculated 3- to 4-week-old maize plants, grown in soil and transferred to a hydroponic system or grown in fritted clay, with Pseudomonas putida PH6(L1019)(lacZY+) following exposure of the roots to air or cylinder N2. Numbers of heterotrophs and the marked pseudomonad were determined by dilution plating. Low pO2 generally increased the numbers of bacteria associated with roots exposed to the treatments in solution or in undisturbed fritted clay rooting medium. Under low pO2 in a hydroponic system, roots of intact maize plants tended also to have higher soluble organic C and hexose (anthrone-detectable sugars) than roots exposed to air. The effect of low pO2 was most pronounced in the fritted clay where low pO2 favored colonization by the marked strain; numbers were 3- to 96-fold greater than those on roots flushed with air but accounted for only 0.06–0.61% of the total population. Roots exposed to low pO2 tended to accumulate more C. Results suggest that in the fritted clay, the pseudomonad was able to exploit the increased C supply and to achieve greater numbers on roots exposed to low pO2, whereas the dilution of carbon released from roots in the hydroponic apparatus did not allow for the same magnitude of increase on roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050341
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of chrome azurol S reagents to evaluate siderophore production by rhizosphere bacteria (1991)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 12 (1991), S. 39-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Siderophores ; Rhizosphere bacteria ; Chrome azurol S reagent ; Fe dissolution ; Fe uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Siderophores produced by rhizosphere bacteria may enhance plant growth by increasing the availability of Fe near the root or by inhibiting the colonization of roots by plant pathogens or other harmful bacteria. To examine the populations of siderophore-producing bacteria colonizing the roots of two grass species that differed in their susceptibility to Fe deficiency, we inoculated serial dilutions of root samples onto chrome azurol S (CAS) agar and several other selective and non-selective culture meida. CAS agar effectively differentiated bacteria that were capable of excreting large amounts of siderophore, but the composition of the medium limited its usefulness for ecological studies. A large proportion (71–79%) of the bacterial population that grew on a non-selective medium (tryptic soy agar) failed to grow on CAS agar, and several isolates that showed no sign of siderophore production on CAS agar produced siderophore in liquid culture. Similar populations of siderophore-producing bacteria were observed on roots of St. Augustine grass, which frequently exhibits Fe chlorosis, and bermuda grass, which does not. Roots of both grasses were colonized by bacteria that produced siderophore in vitro at concentrations ranging from 100 to 230 μM. The CAS assay solution was also used to compare siderophore production by Pseudomonas fluorescens Q6, an isolate from bermuda grass, and by P. putida B 10, a plant growth-promoting pseudomonad. P. fluorescens Q6 produced 2.4 times more siderophore in vitro than P. putida B 10.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00369386
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of microbiological methods for evaluating quality and fertility of soil (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 135-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil quality ; Soil microbial biomass ; Microbiological activity ; Nitrogen mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Routine soil testing procedures that are rapid and accurate are needed to evaluate C and N mineralization in agricultural soils in order to determine soil quality and fertility. Laboratory methods were compared for their usefulness in determining soil microbial biomass and potential activity in a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) subjected to long-term tillage, crop sequence, and N-fertilizer management practices. The methods included basal soil respiration, net N mineralization during a 10-day incubation, soil microbial biomass C with the chloroform fumigation-incubation technique with and without subtracting a control value, soil microbial biomass N with the chloroform fumigation-incubation technique, substrate-induced respiration, and arginine ammonification. All methods were highly correlated with each other and, therefore, appear to adequately reflect soil microbial biomass and potential activity under laboratory conditions. The longer incubation times used with the basal soil respiration, N mineralization, and microbial biomass C and N assays resulted in higher correlations and lower variation among replications compared to the shorter incubation times used with substrate-induced respiration and arginine ammonification. The relatively rapid procedural time (3 h) required for the latter two assays could make these methods more attractive for routine soil testing, although multiple assays on the same sample may be necessary because these methods are less precise than the incubation methods that require 10 days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336149
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics as affected by long-term tillage and nitrogen fertilization (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 182-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Long-term tillage ; N fertilization ; Microbial biomass ; Potential C and N mineralization ; Soil organic C
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Quantifying seasonal dynamics of active soil C and N pools is important for understanding how production systems can be better managed to sustain long-term soil productivity especially in warm subhumid climates. Our objectives were to determine seasonal dynamics of inorganic soil N, potential C and N mineralization, soil microbial biomass C (SMBC), and the metabolic quotient of microbial biomass in continuous corn (Zea mays L.) under conventional (CT), moldboard (MB), chisel (CH), minimum tillage (MT), and no-tillage (NT) with low (45kgNha–1) and high (90kgNha–1) N fertilization. An Orelia sandy clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Ochraqualf) in south Texas, United States, was sampled before corn planting in February, during pollination in May, and following harvest in July. Soil inorganic N, SMBC, and potential C and N mineralization were usually highest in soils under NT, whereas these characteristics were consistently lower throughout the growing season in soils receiving MB tillage. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on soil inorganic N, SMBC, and potential C and N mineralization. The metabolic quotient of microbial biomass exhibited seasonal patterns inverse to that of SMBC. Seasonal changes in SMBC, inorganic N, and mineralizable C and N indicated the dependence of seasonal C and N dynamics on long-term substrate availability from crop residues. Long-term reduced tillage increased soil organic matter (SOM), SMBC, inorganic N, and labile C and N pools as compared with plowed systems and may be more sustainable over the long term. Seasonal changes in active soil C and N pools were affected more by tillage than by N fertilization in this subhumid climate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050301
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response ofPanicum maximum Jacq. to inoculation withAzospirillum brasilense (1979)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 52 (1979), S. 585-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Azospirillum brasilense ; Guineagrass ; Plant dry weight ; Plant nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects on plant dry weight and acetylene reduction activity after applyingAzospirillum brasilense (strain 13t) to guineagrass,Panicum maximum Jacq., grown in clay pots under greenhouse conditions, are reported and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277955
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of phosphorus level on VA Mycorrhizal colonization and growth of cowpea cultivars (1989)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 114 (1989), S. 45-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cultivar variability ; Glomus fasciculatum ; growth response ; nitrogen fixation ; nutrient uptake ; rhizobium ; Vigna unguiculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) associations often vary according to the abundance of available soil phosphorus (P). Therefore, understanding the response of crop plants to colonization by VAM fungi necessitates the study of the response of colonized and noncolonized plants, from a range of cultivars, to differing levels of P. Cowpea is grown throughout the world, often on impoverished soils in which it can benefit from formation of mycorrhizae. The present study was conducted to determine the response of four cultivars of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), varying in nitrogen fixation capacity, to inoculation withGlomus fasciculatum at four levels of added P in the rooting medium. In a greenhouse experiment, four cowpea cultivars, Mississippi Silver, Brown Crowder, Six Week Browneye and MI 35, were grown with and without the mycorrhizal fungus at four levels of added P, 0, 10, 20 and 30 ppm. Root colonization (%) was negatively correlated with P content of the growth medium and shoot P concentration. Intraspecific variability was shown for shoot dry weight and leaf area in response to inoculation withG. fasciculatum at different P levels. The range of P required in the growth medium which allowed benefit fromG. fasciculatum was identified for individual cultivars using shoot dry weight and leaf area, and collectively across cultivars for other parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02203080
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of soil environmental factors on rates of N2-fixation associated with roots of intact maize and sorghum plants (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 303-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; carbon ; inoculation ; nitrite ; nitrate ; oxygen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We have evaluated the effects of oxygen partial pressure (pO2), combined nitrogen, and the availability of organic substrates on nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) by bacteria associated with the roots of intact maize and sorghum plants. We also investigated the possibility of enhancing associative nitrogen-fixation by inoculating the soil in which the plants were grown withAzospirillum. Acetylene reduction (AR) activity was greatest when roots of intact plants were exposed to pO2 between 1.3 and 2.1 kPa. Field-grown and greenhouse-grown plants supported similar levels of activity. Respiration inhibitors (2,4-dinitrophenol and sodium azide) eliminated AR activity at 2 kPa O2, whereas a fermentation inhibitor (sodium fluoride) only partially reduced the activity. Acetylene reduction activity was rapidly (1–3 h) inhibited by NH 4 + , NO 3 − , and NO 2 − at concentrations of 4–20 mg Nl−1. Rates of AR varied substantially among individual plants in each experiment and between experiments. Amendment with any of several organic substrates greatly increased AR activity when rates were low, suggesting that the lack of activity was caused by a shortage of available carbon in the rhizosphere. Inoculation withAzospirillum failed to increase rates of AR associated with maize plants. In several experiments the indigenous bacteria associated with uninoculated plants exhibited greater activity than the bacteria associated with inoculated plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02226811
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Populations of bacteria and actinomycetes associated with sclerotia ofPhymatotrichum omnivorum buried in Houston black clay (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 69-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinomycetes ; antagonists ; bacteria ; Houston black clay ; pseudomonads ; sclerotia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sclerotia ofPhymatotrichum omnivorum (Shear) Duggar (the causal agent of root rot of cotton) were produced in the laboratory and then buried at a depth of 45 cm at three sites in Texas situated on Houston black clay soils with various cropping histories. The sites included a native grassland prairie, a field in continuous cotton production, and a field in which cotton, corn, and sorghum were grown in rotation. Samples of sclerotia were retrieved monthly over a 12 month period. Populations of bacteria and actinomycetes were enumerated using dilution-plate techniques and isolates were screened (in vitro) for their ability to produce substances inhibitory toP. omnivorum. The sclerotia supported large numbers of bacteria (including fluorescent pseudomonads) and actinomycetes. Numbers associated with sclerotia ranged from 106–109 cells per gram of sclerotia plus adherent soil and were 2–3 orders of magnitude greater than numbers from soil at the same depth but free of sclerotia. Bacteria and actinomycetes antagonistic toP. omnivorum were isolated from sclerotia buried at each of the three sites. Up to 26% of the isolates inhibited growth ofP. omnivorum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181754
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