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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 135 (1994), S. 287-291 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 133 (1992), S. 279-285 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1987–1989 wurde die Brutbiologie von 21 Paaren Raubwürger einer Population in Israel untersucht. Eiablage fand im 24 h-Intervall statt; 69 % der Gelege enthielten 6 Eier, die durchschnittliche Gelegegröße betrug 5,8 Eier. Die Brutdauer betrug im Mittel 16,8 Tage; Datum des Brutbeginns und Umgebungstemperatur beeinflußten die Brutdauer: Frühe Gelege wurden länger bebrütet, hatten größeren Schlupferfolg und geringeren Eimassenverlust als spätere. Im Mittel schlüpften aus 4,7 Eiern pro Nest Junge; der Bruterfolg insgesamt betrug 63 %. Unbefruchtete Eier, Nestraub und widrige Witterung waren die Hauptursachen von Verlusten.
    Notes: Summary During 1987, 1988, and 1989 the reproductive biology of 21 pairs of Great Grey Shrikes,Lanius excubitor, was observed in Israel. Eggs were laid at 24 h intervals, 69 % of the clutches comprised 6 eggs, and average clutch size was 5.8 eggs. Incubation period averaged 16.8 days, and month of nesting and ambient temperature influenced length of incubation. Earlier nestings had longer incubation periods, greather hatching success, and less egg mass loss than later ones. An average of 4.7 eggs per nest hatched, and overall nesting success was 63 %. Infertility, predation and adverse weather were the major cause of nesting failure.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 138 (1997), S. 309-313 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Salzsümpfe im Riftvalley Israels sind von Erschließung bedroht, insbesondere seit der Frieden mit Jordanien zu einem Boom für Investitionen und Entwicklungsplänen geführt hat. Diese Entwicklung betrifft auch Eilat, einen wichtigen „Flaschenhals“ für den Vogelzug am Nordrand des nordafrikanisch-arabischen Wüstengürtels. Das Gebiet hat für Zugvögel eine entscheidende Bedeutung nach einem Flug Über fast 2000 km Wüste. Von einer Salzsumpffläche von 12 km2 sind gerade noch 0,04 km2 übrig geblieben. Die Salzsümpfe waren für mindestens 70 Zugvogelarten von essentieller Bedeutung als Rastplatz. Um die Rolle der Salzsümpfe und der Rohrbestände für Vögel zu dokumentieren, untersuchte ich einen dort lebenden Standvogel als „Bioindikator“. Im Vergleich zwischen verschiedenen Habitaten sollte die Untersuchung des Federwachstums eine Bewertung erlauben. Im Herbst 1993 und Frühjahr 1994 wurden 59 Streifenprinien aus Revieren in Rohrbeständen und 41 aus solchen in Salzsümpfen gefangen; zur Untersuchung wurde eine zentrale Steuerfeder verwendet. Im Mittel waren 10 Wachstumsstreifen der Vögel der Rohrbestände signifikant breiter als bei den Fänglingen der Salzsümpfe. Daraus ist zu schließen, daß die Rohrbestände für die Vögel ein günstigeres Habitat darstellten als die Salzsümpfe.
    Notes: Abstract Dry salt marshes of the Rift Valley in Israel are subject 1to development. This is of special concern because the peace process has led to a boom of financial investment and a flood of ideas as to how these areas can be further exploited. This includes Eilat, an important migratory bottleneck on the northern edge of the Saharan-Arabian desert belt, which is critical for many avian migrant species because in spring it is reached after a flight of almost 2000 km across continuos deserts. Of the once extensive Eilat salt marsh of 12 km2, all that remains today is a piece of only 0.04 km2. An avian study of this habitat concluded that the salt marsh was important for the survival of at least 70 species of migrant passerines that staged in the salt marsh. In order to evaluate the optimality of the salt marsh and reed beds for the birds I sampled a resident species as a bioindicator. I hypothesized that ptilochronology would allow me to compare between the habitats and to rank their relative importance to avian populations. During autumn 1993 and spring 1994, 59 Graceful Warblers from territories in the reeds, and 41 from the salt marsh were trapped and a central rectrix plucked for analysis. The average of 10 growth bars of the rectrix of the birds from the reeds were significantly broader than those of the salt marsh. A comparison of the two habitats clearly shows that the reed beds are a superior resource to the birds than the existing salt marsh.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 138 (1997), S. 543-546 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Earthquakes are usually a matter of seconds and while experiencing the phenomenon few observe the behaviour of the animals during the phenomenon. On 22 November 1995, at 06:16 hrs Israel Standard Time, an earthquake of a magnitude (Mw) of 7.2 on the Richter scale shocked Eilat, Israel. I first observed unusual behaviour at about 06:00 hrs when flocks of several avian species flew north. Also, a flock of about 50 Grey Herons (Ardea cinerea), that roosted on the salt pans, became increasingly restless and eventually took to the air at 06:08 hrs. Our primary objective was to describe the sensitivity exhibited by the flock of Grey Herons to the tremors which continued to occur for weeks after the initial shock. Observers remained at the salt pans for a week after the initial shock and noted if flock members displayed any physical discomfort (e. g., shaking wings, jumping or hopping without lift off) during the day, and prior to flying off, owing to no reasonable disturbance. Subsequently, the Seismology Division, Institute for Petroleum Research and Geophysics supplied data of tremors recorded for the same period. A total of 37 tremors of Mw=3.9 or more were recorded. Majority of the tremors were Mw=4.1, but an equal number of 4.4 and 4.5 combined were also recorded. Grey Herons reacted at all levels, although they appeared to ignore some tremors that were less than Mw=4.2. However, the Herons took to the air when tremors were stronger than Mw=4.3. Human observors partially felt tremors between the magnitudes of Mw=4.1 to 4.4, but all stronger tremors were felt. One of the interesting and consistent observations was that the birds showed the first signs of restlessnes about 30–60 seconds prior to the human observors ability to feel the tremors.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: agriculture ; ammonium nitrate ; monitoring ; pastures ; population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Auswirkungen der Ausbringung eines in den USA weithin gebräuchlichen Kalium-Ammonium-Nitrat-Düngers auf Viehweiden wurde an Louisianawürgern im Vergleich von acht betroffenen und vier nichtbetroffenen Paaren geprüft. Würger gelten allgemein als gute Indikatoren für Habitatqualität. Der Dünger wurde am 18. Juni 1992 ausgebracht, als die Würger mitten in ihrem Brutgeschäft waren. Bereits innerhalb eines Tages war die Vegetation stark geschädigt. Die von der Sprühung betroffenen Würger vergrößerten ihre Reviere um 138,5%, wobei Vögel mit vormals kleinen Revieren ihre Territorien besonders vergrößerten. Die Anzahl während der ersten drei Wochen nach der Ausbringung gesammelter Insekten war auf den besprühten Flächen im Vergleich zu den unbehandelten Weiden sehr gering. Während in von der Sprühung nicht betroffenen Bruten keinerlei auf abiotische Umstände zurückgehende Verluste an Eiern, Jungvögeln oder Altvögeln festzustellen waren, traten bei den Bruten auf den besprühten Flächen erhebliche Verluste auf. Neben dem Verlust an sieben Eiern, zwei Nestlingen und acht gerade flüggen Vögeln, verschwanden auch sieben Weibchen und ein Männchen, und ein Revier wurde verlassen. Die Beobachtungen verdeutlichen die Notwendigkeit, auch sog. „umweltverträgliche“ Düngemittel auf ihre Wirkungen zu testen, und sie zeigen zugleich den Wert eines Umweltmonitorings mit Vögeln in der Agrarlandschaft.
    Notes: Summary We examined the effect of spraying the common fertilizer, sodium ammonium nitrate, on cattle pastures in central Florida. Shrikes are considered good indicators of habitat quality. Hence, eight pairs of shrikes whose territories were sprayed were considered as the treatment group, and four pairs in unsprayed territories as controls. The fertilizer was sprayed on 18 June 1992, when the resident shrikes were into their second and third nests, and within 24 h the dominant bahia grass and patches of blackberry bushes became chlorotic. The eight treatment pairs expanded their territories significantly by 138.5% on average, and the smaller their initial territory, the greater the change. The total number of insects collected in the sprayed pasture in the first three weeks was extremely low compared to the number in the unsprayed pasture. In the control pairs no loss of eggs, young, or adults owing to abiotic causes was observed. However, in the treatment pairs seven eggs, two nestlings, and eight fledglings disappeared, or died from causes attributed to the spraying. In addition, seven females and one male disappeared, and one territory was abandoned. Our observations suggest the need for additional studies to examine the effects of supposedly „environmentally friendly” fertilizers and show the value of monitoring breeding bird populations in agricultural systems.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 173-181 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Arctiidae ; Meloidae ; Utetheisa ornatrix ; Lytta polita ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; cantharidin ; feeding aversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Feeding tests with loggerhead shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus) showed this bird to acceptUtetheisa ornatrix, a moth (Arctiidae) protected by pyrrolizidine alkaloids, but to avoidLytta polita, a beetle (Meloidae) containing cantharidin.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 6 (1992), S. 527-536 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Romalea guttata ; Lanius ludovicianus ; chemical defences ; predation ; impaling ; defensive behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The lubber grasshopper,Romalea guttata, is large, aposematic, and extremely toxic. In feeding trials with 21 bird and lizard species, none were able to consume this chemically defended prey. Predators that attempted to eat lubbers, often gagged, regurgitated, and sometimes died. Loggerhead shrikes,Lanius ludovicianus, regularly impale this toxic prey in peninsular Florida. They, like other bird species, are unable to consume fresh lubbers. However, our tests show that they are able to consume lubbers if the prey are allowed to ‘age’ for 1–2 days. This suggests that lubber toxins degrade following death and that shrike impaling behaviour serves as a preadaptation for overcoming the toxic defences of this large and abundant prey. These results also imply that counter adaptations against chemical defences need not involve major morphological or metabolic specializations, but that simple behavioural traits can enable a predator to utilize toxic prey.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
  • 9
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Print ISSN: 1045-2249
    Electronic ISSN: 1465-7279
    Topics: Biology
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2017-05-31
    Description: The number of species that specialize in pre-dispersal seed predation is relatively small. Examples of specialized pre-dispersal seed predators adapted to feeding on closed cones include vertebrate species like Crossbills, Squirrels, Nutcrackers and Woodpeckers. Seed predation selects against certain phenotypic features of cones and favors another phenotypic features. In this study, we document preferences of the Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) for specific traits in the cones of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). We found that the Great Spotted Woodpecker prefers to feed on medium sized Norway spruce cones. The results suggest a disruptive selection that favors the extreme cone lengths in Norway spruce. In Scots pine, the woodpeckers avoided cones with large apophyses. Further, the selectivity for the specific characteristics of the cones is probably related to the configuration of the anvil, a place at which woodpeckers extract seeds from the cones. We think that the Great Spotted Woodpecker preferences in relation to the morphological characteristics of cones are a key to the design of the anvil in order to maximize the use of it as a tool for processing cones of both the Norway spruce and the Scots pine.
    Electronic ISSN: 2167-8359
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by PeerJ
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