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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Aphanothece halophytica ; Ion metabolism ; Blue-green alga ; Halophilism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The intracellular ion content of the halophilic blue-green alga, Aphanothece halophytica was studied as a function of age, external sodium and external potassium concentration. Intracellular Na+ was found to be about 0.38 millimoles/g dry mass. Intracellular K+ concentrations were as high as 1 M and varied directly with external salinity. Intracellular Ca++ and Mg++ were in the range previously reported for fresh water blue-green algae despite their extremely high extracellular concentrations. Average cell size is consistent at room temperature with two exceptions. When the outside K+ is lower than 6.5 mM the cells tend to be smaller with less intracellular K+ and high Ca++. In stationary phase cultures the cells are larger with high intracellular Mg++ and low K+.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 159 (1993), S. 435-439 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Salt tolerance ; Plasma membrane ; Aphanothece halophytica ; Lipid composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The plasma membrane from Aphanothece halophytica was isolated using both glycerol and sucrose gradient centrifugation. The isolated membrane was characterized for lipid content by TLC and isolated lipids were quantified by chemical analysis. The plasma membrane of A. halophytica was composed of MGDG, DGDG and PG. The sulfur containing lipid SQDG was not detected. The mole percent of each lipid in the plasma membrane varied with the external salinity of the media. MGDG was the most abundant lipid in the plasma membrane of cells grown at one molar external NaCl. At three molar external NaCl, PG was the most abundant lipid. The ratio of uncharged to charged lipids comprising the plasma membrane decreased as the external salinity increased. It is possible that the alteration in lipid composition is of major importance in the adaptation of A. halophytica to changing external salinity.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Brassinosteroid (BR) stimulation of auxin-induced ethylene production and the particular step at which BR acts to promote such synthesis were studied in mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Rwilcz cv. Berken) hypocotyl segments. Increasing concentrations of methionine alone and in combination with 3 μM BR and 10 μM IAA had a minimal effect on ethylene production. With increasing concentrations of 1-aminocyclopro-pane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), however, ethylene production increased. BR or IAA further enhanced ethylene production with maximum rates occurring when these compounds were added together with ACC. The addition of 10 μM CoCl2 in conjunction with BR and/or IAA resulted in 85–97% inhibition of ethylene production. When 20 μM cycloheximide was used in conjunction with BR and/or IAA there was a complete inhibition of ethylene production. Total inhibition also resulted when 1.0 μM aminoethoxy-vinylglycine (AVG) was used in combination with BR and/or IAA. AVG alone had no effect on ACC conversion to ethylene.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 53 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Brassinolide (BR), a naturally-occurring-steroidal lactone from rape (Brassica napus L.) pollen, was compared with auxin for activity in a number of bioassay systems. Responses similar to IAA were elicited by BR in bioassays based upon bean hypocotyl hook opening, elongation of maize mesocotyl, pea epicotyl and azuki bean epicotyl sections, and fresh weight increase in Jerusalem artichoke (2,4-D used) and pea epicotyl sections. The azuki bean and dwarf pea epicotyl bioassays were much more responsive to BR than IAA (at 10 μM). Responses approximately two-fold greater in magnitude were elicited by IAA in the maize mesocotyl, bean hypocotyl hook and Jerusalem artichoke bioassays. Little or no response was elicited by BR (0.01 to μM) in the cress root or decapitated pea-lateral bud bioassays. A powerful synergism between BR and IAA was observed in the azuki bean, pea epicotyl and bean hypocotyl hook bioassays. Although, as previously reported, other steroidal substances are active in some of the bioassay systems tested, none compared with BR in magnitude and diversity of elicited responses.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 46 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The excised, hooked bean hypocotyl was the system used to determine wheiher the ‘auxin- and gibberellin like’ effect of the lipoidal pollen extract, Brass in-complex (Br), were mediated through, or independent of, auxin and gibberellin. The morphogenetic events of hook opening and hypocotyl elongation in this system are regulated by auxin and gibberellin, respectively.Brassin complex, like IAA, elicited a book closure in (he dark and retarded its opening in red light. This effect was synergized by T1BA, IAA and the presence of the auxin-producing organs, the epicotyl and cotyledons. Br-elicited hook closure was inhibited by the antiauxin. PCIB.Both GA3 and Br totally reversed the light inhibition of hypocotyl elongation. The GA3-effect, but nol the Br elicited elongation, was overcome by Ancymidol. Hypocotyl elongation was partially inhibited by TIBA and PCIB. suggesting a possible auxin involvement also in this effect of Br.Br may elicit its growth responses through an effect on endogenous auxin levels, In this way it is different from other lipoidat growth regulators, such as the oleanimins which require the presence of exogenous growth regulators for activity.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 64 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Several brassinosteroid (BR) analogues, cholesterol and aldosterone were evaluated for their effectiveness alone and in combination with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in stimulating ethylene production by etiolated mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Rwilcz cv. Berken) hypocotyl segments. Changing the conformation of the two hydroxyl groups on C-22 and C-23 positions from α to β did not greatly reduce the efficiency of these compounds to stimulate ethylene production alone or in combination with IAA. There was little difference in activity observed when the conformation of the methyl group in the C-24 position was changed from α to β. However, when hydroxyls were deleted from the side chain in the C-22 and C-23 positions, the compound was rendered inactive alone or in combination with IAA. The compound was also inactivated by removing the 7-oxa function on the B-ring and by substituting an ethyl group for the methyl group in the C-24 position. Both aldosterone and cholesterol were ineffective in promoting ethylene production. This study shows that very stringent structural features are required for a steroid to have BR-like activity and to act synergistically with auxin in the promotion of ethylene synthesis.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 37 (1976), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Galactose has long been known to inhibit growth in certain plant systems and more recently to promote abscission. These same systems are similarly affected by ethylene. The mung bean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) hypocotyl system was employed to ascertain whether the inhibitory effects of galactose might be regulated through ethylene. Galactose alone (at 10 and 100 mM) of the many carbohydrates tested elicited high rates of ethylene evolution (1.5–4.0 nl/g fresh weight x h) as determined by gas chroma-tography. Hook opening, pigment formation, and hypocotyl elongation were inhibited by this resultant ethylene. Galactose and auxin were found to act synergistically with respect to ethylene induction. Use of an auxin antagonist and auxin transport inhibitor revealed that galactose-induced ethylene formation is auxin dependent. Time course studies indicate that this effect may be auxin-sparing. Methionine appears to be the substrate of galactose-induced ethylene. since a methionine antagonist [L-2-amino-4-(2′-amino ethoxy)-trans-3-butenoic acid] abolished the induction. Potential interrelationships between galactose and ethylene synthesis are discussed.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 60 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Three cytokinins and their ribosides were tested in conjunction with brassinosteroid (BR) for their effects on ethylene production in etiolated mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Rwilcz cv. Berken) hypocotyl segments. When varying concentrations of BR were tried in combination with a fixed amount of kinetin (10 μM), there was an increase in ethylene production with increasing concentrations of BR up to 3 μM, and a decline beyond. A stimulation in ethylene production was observed with increasing concentrations of each of the cytokinins used. However, when applied in conjunction with 3 μM BR, all cytokinin concentrations produced similar stimulatory patterns. When 3 μM BR or 10 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) was applied in conjunction with increasing concentrations of IAA, there was a stimulation in ethylene production with increasing concentrations of IAA. However, 3 μM BR and 10 μM BAP together with varying concentrations of IAA failed to alter the level of ethylene production.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 53 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Brassinolide (BR), a naturally-occurring steroidal lactone was compared with GA3 and kinetin for activity in a number of bioassays. BR was highly active in elongation bioassays employing the dwarf pea epicotyl and etiolated bean hypocotyl that are responsive to GA3 but not IAA (at 0.01 to 10 μM). The elongation of the cucumber hypocotyl elicited by BR and GA3 was reduced far more than that elicited by IAA, following removal of the cotyledons. BR, like GA3 also inhibited betacyanin accumulation in Amaranthus seedlings and prevented adventitious root initiation in hypocotyls of mung bean, dwarf bean and cucumber. Application of BR promoted rather than retarded senescence of Rumex leaves.While almost half as effective as kinetin in promoting expansion of cucumber cotyledons, BR was ineffective in cytokinin bioassays involving expansion of dwarf pea epicotyl hooks, dark synthesis of betacyanin in Amaranthus and retardation of Xanthium leaf disc senescence. Unlike the case with IAA, BR does not interact synergistically with GA3. BR has proven active in promoting stem elongation in plant bioassays responsive to either IAA or GA3, or to both phytohormones. This effect, coupled to its effect on adventitious root formation, qualifies BR as a unique plant growth substance.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 9 (1990), S. 137-146 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: plant growth regulator ; lactic acid ; polymer ; degree of polymerization (DP)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Polymers of L-lactic acid are shown to promote plant growth. Dry weight of duckweed (Lemna minor L.) and corn (Zea mays L) was more than doubled when plants were grown in media containing the dimer of L-lactic acid, L-lactoyllactic acid. Higher polymers were equally effective at increasing plant biomass. Monomeric lactic acid and polymers of D-lactic acid showed no biological activity. Increased plant biomass was accompanied by increased chlorophyll accumulation and root growth. Promotion of chlorophyll accumulation and biomass may be due to increased ability to assimilate nutrients as plants treated with L-lactoyllactic acid showed no decrease in biomass when grown in medium that was growth limiting for control plants.
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