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  • 1
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die anionische Herstellung von monodispersen Polymeren mit beliebig wählbarem Molekulargewicht wurde unter Verwendung eines leicht zugänglichen, einfachen Reaktionssystems an Styrol als Modellsubstanz untersucht. Aktive Verunreinigungen, wie Wasser, Sauerstoff und Kohlendioxyd, die im Lösungsmittel, im Monomeren und im Polymerisationssystem vorhanden sind und zur Desaktivierung von Reaktionszentren führen würden, werden vor der Polymerisation durch allmählichen Zusatz eines (farbigen) Initiators unschädlich gemacht. Zur Unterdrückung eines Kettenwachstums wird diese Desaktivierungsstufe bei einer relativ tiefen Temperatur ausgeführt. Nach Erreichen des Endpunktes in diesem mit einer Titration vergleichbaren Prozeß, der am Bestehenbleiben der farbigen Reaktionszentren erkenntlich ist, wird weiterer Initiator entsprechend dem gewünschten Molekulargewicht \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm \bar M}_{{\rm nk}} = \frac{{ {\rm Monomeres} \left( {\rm g} \right) }} {{ {\rm Initiator} \left( {\rm Mol} \right) }}$$\end{document} zugegeben. Das Monomere wird anschließend, nach Erwärmen des Reaktionssystems auf die Polymerisationstemperatur, vollständig umgesetzt.Für zwei auf diese Weise hergestellte Polystyrole stimmten die auf Grund der Kinetik vorhergesagten Molekulargewichte (M̄nk) innerhalb 10% mit den gemessenen Werten überein. Die M̄w/M̄n-Quotienten beider Polymerer wurden auf Grund von Fraktionierungsergebnissen zu 1,06 berechnet.
    Notes: The anionic preparation of monodisperse polymers of predictable molecular weight, by simple techniques involving conveniently purified starting materials, has been investigated using styrene as a model. Active impurities, predominantly water, oxygen and carbon dioxide present in the solvent, the monomer and in the reaction system which would cause deactivation of propagation centers, are rendered inactive prior to polymerization by gradual addition of (colored) initiator at a temperature low enough to suppress chain growth. Upon completion of the purging step, indicated by the persistence of colored propagation centers, additional initiator appropriate for the molecular weight of the sample desired \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm \bar M}_{{\rm nk}} = \frac{{ {\rm monomer} \left( {\rm g.} \right) }} {{ {\rm initiator} \left( {\rm moles} \right) }}$$\end{document} is added. The system is then warmed to the polymerization temperature at which the reaction is allowed to go to completion. The predictability of the molecular weights was found to be within 10% for two polymers prepared. The M̄w/M̄n ratio, calculated from fractionation data, was 1.06 in both cases.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1983-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0008-6223
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-3891
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Very thin films of cellulose triacetate are cast from a solution containing a small amount of high boiling temperature, non-solvent which evaporates last and lifts the film from the casting surface. Stretched, oriented, crystallized films have high electrical breakdown properties. Metallized films less than about 2 microns in thickness form self-healing electrodes for high energy density, pulsed power capacitors. Thicker films can be utilized as a dielectric for a capacitor.
    Keywords: ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Cellulose triacetate investigated for use as dielectric material in high-energy-density capacitors for pulsed-electrical-power systems. Films of cellulose triacetate metalized on one or both sides for use as substrates for electrodes and/or as dielectrics between electrodes in capacitors. Used without metalization as simple dielectric films. Advantages include high breakdown strength and self-healing capability.
    Keywords: ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND CIRCUITS
    Type: NPO-18935 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 18; 10; P. 44
    Format: text
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Improved unitary electrode/dielectric strip serves as winding in high-energy-density capacitor in pulsed power supply. Offers combination of qualities essential for high energy density: high permittivity of dielectric layers, thinness, and high resistance to breakdown of dielectric at high electric fields. Capacitors with strip material not impregnated with liquid.
    Keywords: ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND CIRCUITS
    Type: NPO-18912 , NASA Tech Briefs (ISSN 0145-319X); 18; 9; P. 69
    Format: text
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Post-fire air constituents that are of interest to NASA include CO and some acid gases (HCl and HCN). CO is an important analyte to be able to sense in human habitats since it is a marker for both prefire detection and post-fire cleanup. The need exists for a sensor that can be incorporated into an existing sensing array architecture. The CO sensor needs to be a low-power chemiresistor that operates at room temperature; the sensor fabrication techniques must be compatible with ceramic substrates. Early work on the JPL ElectronicNose indicated that some of the existing polymer-carbon black sensors might be suitable. In addition, the CO sensor based on polypyrrole functionalized with iron porphyrin was demonstrated to be a promising sensor that could meet the requirements. First, pyrrole was polymerized in a ferric chloride/iron porphyrin solution in methanol. The iron porphyrin is 5, 10, 15, 20-tetraphenyl-21H, 23Hporphine iron (III) chloride. This creates a polypyrrole that is functionalized with the porphyrin. After synthesis, the polymer is dried in an oven. Sensors were made from the functionalized polypyrrole by binding it with a small amount of polyethylene oxide (600 MW). This composite made films that were too resistive to be measured in the device. Subsequently, carbon black was added to the composite to bring the sensing film resistivity within a measurable range. A suspension was created in methanol using the functionalized polypyrrole (90% by weight), polyethylene oxide (600,000 MW, 5% by weight), and carbon black (5% by weight). The sensing films were then deposited, like the polymer-carbon black sensors. After deposition, the substrates were dried in a vacuum oven for four hours at 60 C. These sensors showed good response to CO at concentrations over 100 ppm. While the sensor is based on a functionalized pyrrole, the actual composite is more robust and flexible. A polymer binder was added to help keep the sensor material from delaminating from the electrodes, and carbon was added to improve the conductivity of the material.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: NPO-47640 , NASA Tech Briefs, June 2012; 21
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: An electrolyte membrane for use in a fuel cell can contain sulfonated polyphenylether sulfones. The membrane can contain a first sulfonated polyphenylether sulfone and a second sulfonated polyphenylether sulfone, wherein the first sulfonated polyphenylether and the second sulfonated polyphenylether sulfone have equivalent weights greater than about 560, and the first sulfonated polyphenylether and the second sulfonated polyphenylether sulfone also have different equivalent weights. Also, a membrane for use in a fuel cell can contain a sulfonated polyphenylether sulfone and an unsulfonated polyphenylether sulfone. Methods for manufacturing a membrane electrode assemblies for use in fuel cells can include roughening a membrane surface. Electrodes and methods for fabricating such electrodes for use in a chemical fuel cell can include sintering an electrode. Such membranes and electrodes can be assembled into chemical fuel cells.
    Keywords: Energy Production and Conversion
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Polymer electrolyte membranes that conduct hydroxide ions have potential use in fuel cells. A variety of polystyrene-based quaternary ammonium hydroxides have been reported as anion exchange fuel cell membranes. However, the hydrolytic stability and conductivity of the commercially available membranes are not adequate to meet the requirements of fuel cell applications. When compared with commercially available membranes, polystyrene-imidazolium alkaline membrane electrolytes are more stable and more highly conducting. At the time of this reporting, this has been the first such usage for imidazolium-based polymeric materials for fuel cells. Imidazolium salts are known to be electrochemically stable over wide potential ranges. By controlling the relative ratio of imidazolium groups in polystyrene-imidazolium salts, their physiochemical properties could be modulated. Alkaline anion exchange membranes based on polystyrene-imidazolium hydroxide materials have been developed. The first step was to synthesize the poly(styrene-co-(1-((4-vinyl)methyl)-3- methylimidazolium) chloride through a free-radical polymerization. Casting of this material followed by in situ treatment of the membranes with sodium hydroxide solutions provided the corresponding hydroxide salts. Various ratios of the monomers 4-chloromoethylvinylbenzine (CMVB) and vinylbenzine (VB) provided various compositions of the polymer. The preferred material, due to the relative ease of casting the film, and its relatively low hygroscopic nature, was a 2:1 ratio of CMVB to VB. Testing confirmed that at room temperature, the new membranes outperformed commercially available membranes by a large margin. With fuel cells now in use at NASA and in transportation, and with defense potential, any improvement to fuel cell efficiency is a significant development.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: NPO-46457 , NASA Tech Briefs, August 2012; 18
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: Biocompatible polymeric microspheres having an average diameter below about 3 microns and having a density at least 15% greater or lesser than organic cells and having covalent binding sites are provided in accordance with this invention. The microspheres are obtained by copolymerizing a hydroxy or amine substituted acrylic monomer such as hydroxyethylmethacrylate with a light or dense comonomer such as a fluoromonomer. A lectin or antibody is bound to the hydroxy or amine site of the bead to provide cell specificity. When added to a cell suspension the marked bead will specifically label the cell membrane by binding to specific receptor sites thereon. The labelled membrane can then be separated by density gradient centrifugation.
    Keywords: Chemistry and Materials (General)
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: An ion-exchange hollow fiber is prepared by introducing into the wall of the fiber polymerizable liquid monomers, and polymerizing the monomers therein to form solid, insoluble, cross-linked, ion-exchange resin particles which embed in the wall of the fiber. Excess particles blocking the central passage or bore of the fiber are removed by forcing liquid through the fiber. The fibers have high ion-exchange capacity, a practical wall permeability and good mechanical strength even with very thin wall dimensions. Experimental investigation of bundles of ion-exchange hollow fibers attached to a header assembly have shown the fiber to be very efficient in removing counterions from solution.
    Keywords: Composite Materials
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