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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectrophotometric Determination of Trace Fluoride in Organic Compounds Following Combustion in Oxyhydrogen Flame-Quartz Combustion Tube. (1964)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 36 (1964), S. 1821-1825 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac60215a038
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetics of toxin production and resistance in phytopathogenic bacteria (1991)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 47 (1991), S. 765-771 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Tabtoxin ; phaseolotoxin ; coronatine ; syringotoxin ; syringomycin ; resistance ; Pseudomonas syringae, pv.coronafaciens, pv.phaseolicola, pv.tabaci (angulata), pv.striafaciens, pv.tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Genes for phytotoxin production have been identified and cloned from several phytopathogenic pseudomonads. These genes comprise physically linked clusters that have been located both on the chromosome and on endogenous plasmids. Contained within these genetic regions are resistance genes specific to those toxins that have a bactericidal component to their activity. DNA sequences required for toxin production are often conserved among bacteria with divergent host specificities, suggesting the ability of toxin genes to be transferred between bacteria. Toxins are usually modulators of plant pathogenicity, their production causing a significant increase in disease severity. In one case, however, toxin production appears to be a major contributor to the basic pathogenicity of a plant pathogenic bacterium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01922455
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uncertainties in field-line tracing in the magnetosphere. Part I: the axisymmetric part of the internal geomagnetic field (1997)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 15 (1997), S. 165-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The technique of tracing along magnetic field lines is widely used in magnetospheric physics to provide a “magnetic frame of reference” that facilitates both the planning of experiments and the interpretation of observations. The precision of any such magnetic frame of reference depends critically on the accurate representation of the various sources of magnetic field in the magnetosphere. In order to consider this important problem systematically, a study is initiated to estimate first the uncertainties in magnetic-field-line tracing in the magnetosphere that arise solely from the published (standard) errors in the specification of the geomagnetic field of internal origin. Because of the complexity in computing these uncertainties for the complete geomagnetic field of internal origin, attention is focused in this preliminary paper on the uncertainties in magnetic-field-line tracing that result from the standard errors in just the axisymmetric part of the internal geomagnetic field. An exact analytic equation exists for the magnetic field lines of an arbitrary linear combination of axisymmetric multipoles. This equation is used to derive numerical estimates of the uncertainties in magnetic-field-line tracing that are due to the published standard errors in the axisymmetric spherical harmonic coefficients (i.e. gn0 ± δgn0). Numerical results determined from the analytic equation are compared with computational results based on stepwise numerical integration along magnetic field lines. Excellent agreement is obtained between the analytical and computational methods in the axisymmetric case, which provides great confidence in the accuracy of the computer program used for stepwise numerical integration along magnetic field lines. This computer program is then used in the following paper to estimate the uncertainties in magnetic-field-line tracing in the magnetosphere that arise from the published standard errors in the full set of spherical harmonic coefficients, which define the complete (non-axisymmetric) geomagnetic field of internal origin. Numerical estimates of the uncertainties in magnetic-field-line tracing in the magnetosphere, calculated here for the axisymmetric part of the internal geomagnetic filed, should be regarded as “first approximations” in the sense that such estimates are only as accurate as the published standard errors in the set of axisymmetric spherical harmonic coefficients. However, all procedures developed in this preliminary paper can be applied to the derivation of more realistic estimates of the uncertainties in magnetic-field-line tracing in the magnetosphere, following further progress in the determination of more accurate standard errors in the spherical harmonic coefficients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-0165-4
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Planar charged-particle trajectories in multipole magnetic fields (1997)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 15 (1997), S. 197-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper provides a complete generalization of the classic result that the radius of curvature (ρ) of a charged-particle trajectory confined to the equatorial plane of a magnetic dipole is directly proportional to the cube of the particle’s equatorial distance (ω) from the dipole (i.e. ρ ∝ ω3). Comparable results are derived for the radii of curvature of all possible planar chargedparticle trajectories in an individual static magnetic multipole of arbitrary order m and degree n. Such trajectories arise wherever there exists a plane (or planes) such that the multipole magnetic field is locally perpendicular to this plane (or planes), everywhere apart from possibly at a set of magnetic neutral lines. Therefore planar trajectories exist in the equatorial plane of an axisymmetric (m = 0), or zonal, magnetic multipole, provided n is odd: the radius of curvature varies directly as ωn=2. This result reduces to the classic one in the case of a zonal magnetic dipole (n = 1). Planar trajectories exist in 2m meridional planes in the case of the general tesseral (0 〈 m 〈 n) magnetic multipole. These meridional planes are defined by the 2m roots of the equation cos[m(φ)–φnm)] = 0, where φnm = (1/m) arctan (hnm/gnm); gnm and hnm denote the spherical harmonic coefficients. Equatorial planar trajectories also exist if (n – m) is odd. The polar axis (θ = O,π) of a tesseral magnetic multipole is a magnetic neutral line if m 〉 I. A further 2m(n – m) neutral lines exist at the intersections of the 2m meridional planes with the (n – m) cones defined by the (n – m) roots of the equation Pnm(cos θ) = 0 in the range 0 〈 9 〈 π, where Pnm(cos θ) denotes the associated Legendre function. If (n – m) is odd, one of these cones coincides with the equator and the magnetic field is then perpendicular to the equator everywhere apart from the 2m equatorial neutral lines. The radius of curvature of an equatorial trajectory is directly proportional to ωn=2 and inversely proportional to cos[m(φ–φ)]. Since this last expression vanishes at the 2m equatorial neutral ines, the radius of curvature becomes infinitely large as the particle approaches any one of these neutral lines. The radius of curvature of a meridional trajectory is directly proportional to rn+2, where r denotes radial distance from the multiple, and inversely proportional to Pnm(cos φ)/sin φ. Hence the radius of curvature becomes infinitely large if the particle approaches the polar magnetic neutral ine (m 〉 1) or any one of the 2m(n – m) neutral ines located at the intersections of the 2m meridional planes with the (n – m) cones. Illustrative particle trajectories, derived by stepwise numerical integration of the exact equations of particle motion, are pressented for low-degree (n ≤ 3) magnetic multipoles. These computed particle trajectories clearly demonstrate the “non-adiabatic” scattering of charged particles at magnetic neutral lines. Brief comments are made on the different regions of phase space defined by regular and irregular trajectories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-0197-9
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uncertainties in field-line tracing in the magnetosphere. Part II: the complete internal geomagnetic field (1997)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 15 (1997), S. 181-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The discussion in the preceding paper is restricted to the uncertainties in magnetic-field-iine tracing in the magnetosphere resulting from published standard errors in the spherical harmonic coefficients that define the axisymmetric part of the internal geomagnetic field (i.e. gn0 ± δgn0). Numerical estimates of these uncertainties based on an analytic equation for axisymmetric field lines are in excellent agreement with independent computational estimates based on stepwise numerical integration along magnetic field lines. This comparison confirms the accuracy of the computer program used in the present paper to estimate the uncertainties in magnetic-field-line tracing that arise from published standard errors in the full set of spherical harmonic coefficients, which define the complete (non-axisymmetric) internal geomagnetic field (i.e. gnm ± θgnm and hnm ± θhnm). An algorithm is formulated that greatly reduces the computing time required to estimate these uncertainties in magnetic-field-line tracing. The validity of this algorithm is checked numerically for both the axisymmetric part of the internal geomagnetic field in the general case (1 ≤ n ≤ 10) and the complete internal geomagnetic field in a restrictive case (0 ≤ m ≤ n, 1 ≤ n ≤ 3). On this basis it is assumed that the algorithm can be used with confidence in those cases for which the computing time would otherwise be prohibitively long. For the complete internal geomagnetic field, the maximum characteristic uncertainty in the geocentric distance of a field line that crosses the geomagnetic equator at a nominal dipolar distance of 2 RE is typically 100 km. The corresponding characteristic uncertainty for a field line that crosses the geomagnetic equator at a nominal dipolar distance of 6 RE is typically 500 km. Histograms and scatter plots showing the characteristic uncertainties associated with magnetic-field-line tracing in the magnetosphere are presented for a range of illustrative examples. Finally, estimates are given for the maximum uncertainties in the locations of the conjugate points of selected geophysical observatories. Numerical estimates of the uncertainties in magnetic-field-line tracing in the magnetosphere, including the associated uncertainties in thelocations of the conjugate points of geophysical observatories, should be regarded as “first approximations” in the sense that these estimates are only as accurate as the published standard errors in the full set of spherical harmomic coefficients. As in the preceding paper, howerver, all computational techniques developed in this paper can be used to derive more realistic estimates of the uncertainties in magnetic-field-line tracing in the magnetosphere, following further progress in the determination of more accurate standard errors in the spherical harmonic coefficients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-0181-4
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistics of the largest geomagnetic storms per solar cycle (1844–1993) (1997)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 15 (1997), S. 719-728 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A previous application of extreme-value statistics to the first, second and third largest geomagnetic storms per solar cycle for nine solar cycles is extended to fourteen solar cycles (1844–1993). The intensity of a geomagnetic storm is measured by the magnitude of the daily aa index, rather than the half-daily aa index used previously. Values of the conventional aa index (1868– 1993), supplemented by the Helsinki Ak index (1844–1880), provide an almost continuous, and largely homogeneous, daily measure of geomagnetic activity over an interval of 150 years. As in the earlier investigation, analytic expressions giving the probabilities of the three greatest storms (extreme values) per solar cycle, as continuous functions of storm magnitude (ad), are obtained by least-squares fitting of the observations to the appropriate theoretical extreme-value probability functions. These expressions are used to obtain the statistical characteristics of the extreme values; namely, the mode, median, mean, standard deviation and relative dispersion. Since the Ak index may not provide an entirely homogeneous extension of the aa index, the statistical analysis is performed separately for twelve solar cycles (1868–1993), as well as nine solar cycles (1868–1967). The results are utilized to determine the expected ranges of the extreme values as a function of the number of solar cycles. For fourteen solar cycles, the expected ranges of the daily aa index for the first, second and third largest geomagnetic storms per solar cycle decrease monotonically in magnitude, contrary to the situation for the half-daily aa index over nine solar cycles. The observed range of the first extreme daily aa index for fourteen solar cycles is 159–352 nT and for twelve solar cycles is 215–352 nT. In a group of 100 solar cycles the expected ranges are expanded to 137–539 and 177–511 nT, which represent increases of 108% and 144% in the respective ranges. Thus there is at least a 99% probability that the daily aa index will
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-0719-5
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous auroral observations described in the historical records of China, Japan and Korea from ancient times to AD 1700 (1999)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 18 (1999), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Keywords: Magnetospheric physics (auroral phenomena; storms and substorms)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Early auroral observations recorded in various oriental histories are examined in order to search for examples of strictly simultaneous and indisputably independent observations of the aurora borealis from spatially separated sites in East Asia. In the period up to AD 1700, only five examples have been found of two or more oriental auroral observations from separate sites on the same night. These occurred during the nights of AD 1101 January 31, AD 1138 October 6, AD 1363 July 30, AD 1582 March 8 and AD 1653 March 2. The independent historical evidence describing observations of mid-latitude auroral displays at more than one site in East Asia on the same night provides virtually incontrovertible proof that auroral displays actually occurred on these five special occasions. This conclusion is corroborated by the good level of agreement between the detailed auroral descriptions recorded in the different oriental histories, which furnish essentially compatible information on both the colour (or colours) of each auroral display and its approximate position in the sky. In addition, the occurrence of auroral displays in Europe within two days of auroral displays in East Asia, on two (possibly three) out of these five special occasions, suggests that a substantial number of the mid-latitude auroral displays recorded in the oriental histories are associated with intense geomagnetic storms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-000-0001-6
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Possible configurations of the magnetic field in the outer magnetosphere during geomagnetic polarity reversals (1999)
    Springer
    Annales geophysicae 18 (1999), S. 11-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0992-7689
    Keywords: Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism (reversals-process, time scale, magnetostratigraphy) ; Magnetospheric physics (magnetopause, cusp, and boundary layers; magnetospheric configuration and dynamics)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Possible configurations of the magnetic field in the outer magnetosphere during geomagnetic polarity reversals are investigated by considering the idealized problem of a magnetic multipole of order m and degree n located at the centre of a spherical cavity surrounded by a boundless perfect diamagnetic medium. In this illustrative idealization, the fixed spherical (magnetopause) boundary layer behaves as a perfectly conducting surface that shields the external diamagnetic medium from the compressed multipole magnetic field, which is therefore confined within the spherical cavity. For a general magnetic multipole of degree n, the non-radial components of magnetic induction just inside the magnetopause are increased by the factor 1 + [(n + 1)/n] relative to their corresponding values in the absence of the perfectly conducting spherical magnetopause. An exact equation is derived for the magnetic field lines of an individual zonal (m = 0), or axisymmetric, magnetic multipole of arbitrary degree n located at the centre of the magnetospheric cavity. For such a zonal magnetic multipole, there are always two neutral points and n – 1 neutral rings on the spherical magnetopause surface. The two neutral points are located at the poles of the spherical magnetopause. If n is even, one of the neutral rings is coincident with the equator; otherwise, the neutral rings are located symmetrically with respect to the equator. The actual existence of idealized higher-degree (n 〉 1) axisymmetric magnetospheres would necessarily imply multiple (n + 1) magnetospheric cusps and multiple (n) ring currents. Exact equations are also derived for the magnetic field lines of an individual non-axisymmetric magnetic multipole, confined by a perfectly conducting spherical magnetopause, in two special cases; namely, a symmetric sectorial multipole (m = n) and an antisymmetric sectorial multipole (m = n – 1). For both these non-axisymmetric magnetic multipoles, there exists on the spherical magnetopause surface a set of neutral points linked by a network of magnetic field lines. Novel magnetospheric processes are likely to arise from the existence of magnetic neutral lines that extend from the magnetopause to the surface of the Earth. Finally, magnetic field lines that are confined to, or perpendicular to, either special meridional planes or the equatorial plane, when the multipole is in free space, continue to be confined to, or perpendicular to, these same planes when the perfectly conducting magnetopause is present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-000-0011-4
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oscillatory Slug-Test Data Sets: A Comparison of Two Methods (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 37 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Slug tests performed in high transmissivity aquifers may exhibit underdamped inertial oscillatory behavior. Analytical methods for oscillatory data have been developed, but are mathematically intimidating. Spreadsheet modeling is helpful because ready adjustments to the equations required to match the well-response data are quickly applied. A simplified presentation of the Kipp method for the practicing hydrogeologist is presented along with a spreadsheet model. A file containing the type curves is available over the Internet at from the Geological Engineering home page.Examples from southwestern Montana showing a variety of damping responses and well completions are presented to show how to perform the analysis. Sixteen well responses were modeled using the van der Kamp and Kipp methods, and the outcomes were compared using the two methods with oscillatory responses. Generally, there is good agreement between the methods. Screened wells tend to show more uniform oscillatory behavior, although open-hole completions can be analyzed with success. Other practical field applications and observations are presented.The theory describing inertial effects has been constrained to confined aquifers, although all aquifers exhibit elastic behavior during the initial disturbance from pumping or instantaneous slug removal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01181.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early life history and recruitment of black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) in two South Dakota waters (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ecology of freshwater fish 7 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0633
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract— We compared the early life history of black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) in Richmond (an impoundment) and Brant (a natural lake) lakes during 1994-1996. We expected variable recruitment (i. e., missing year classes) in the natural lake and more consistent recruitment in the impoundment. Larval black crappie abundance was always higher in Richmond Lake than Brant Lake. Peak abundance of larval black crappie was highest during 1994 in both waters. However, peak larval abundance did not correspond with fall trap-net catch per unit effort (CPUE) of age-0 black crappie, which was highest during 1995. Thus, recruitment of black crappie was not simply a function of the number of larvae hatched. Similar trends in catches of age-0 black crappie with the ichthyoplankton trawl and trap nets for both water bodies during 1994-1996 suggest that broad environmental factors similarly affected reproduction and recruitment in Richmond and Brant lakes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.1998.tb00172.x
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