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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experiments in fluids 18 (1994), S. 26-35 
    ISSN: 1432-1114
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Recently there has been a surge of new interest in three-dimensional wake patterns. In the present work, we have devised a method to control the spanwise end conditions and wake patterns using “end suction”, which is both continuously-variable and admits transient control. Classical steady-state patterns, such as parallel or oblique shedding or the “chevron” patterns are simply induced. The wake, at a given Reynolds number, is receptive to a continuous range of oblique shedding angles (θ), rather than to discrete angles, and there is excellent agreement with the “cos θ” formula for oblique-shedding frequencies. We show that the laminar shedding regime exists up to Reynolds numbers (Re) of 205, and that the immense disparity among reported critical Re for wake transition (Re = 140–190) can be explained in terms of spanwise end contamination. Our transient experiments have resulted in the discovery of new phenomena such as “phase shocks” and “phase expansions”, which can be explained in terms of a simple model assuming constant normal wavelength of the wake pattern. Peter Monkewitz (Lausanne) also predicts such transient phenomena from a Guinzburg-Landau model for the wake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 5 (1993), S. 1854-1856 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: There has been some question recently as to whether the far-wake structure of a bluff body is dependent on, or "connected'' with, the precise details of the near-wake structure. Indeed, it has previously been assumed that there is no direct connection in scale or frequency. In the present work, observations are shown of a honeycomb-like 3-D pattern in the far wake, which is caused by an interaction between the decaying oblique shedding waves from upstream and large-scale 2-D waves in the far wake. A clear "connection'' between the 3-D scales of the near and far wakes is thereby demonstrated. The symmetry and spanwise wavelength of Cimbala et al.'s [J. Fluid Mech. 190, 265 (1988)] 3-D pattern are precisely consistent with such wave interactions. In the presence of parallel shedding, the lack of a honeycomb pattern shows that the pattern is clearly dependent on oblique vortex shedding. It also follows that for oblique shedding, the far-wake 2-D waves cannot possibly be the result of vortex pairing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 28 (1996), S. 477-539 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 31 (1988), S. 3165-3168 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The transition to three-dimensionality in the near wake of a circular cylinder involves two successive transitions, each of which corresponds with a discontinuity in the Strouhal–Reynolds number relationship. The first discontinuity [between Reynolds numbers (Re) of 170 to 180] is associated with the inception of vortex loops, and it is hysteretic. The second discontinuity (between Re=230 to 260) corresponds with a change to a finer-scale streamwise vortex structure. At this discontinuity there is no hysteresis, and it is suggested that two modes of vortex shedding alternate in time.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 7 (1995), S. 2307-2309 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In this Letter, we demonstrate the coexistence of two distinct systems of streamwise vortices in a bluff body wake. It appears that there exist conditions to amplify streamwise vorticity in bluff body wakes, by vortex stretching, in both the separating shear layers from the sides of the body and also in the vortex street wake. The length scale governing the streamwise vortices in the shear layer has a 1/(square root of)Re dependence, whereas the scale of such structures in the wake is independent of Reynolds number, Re (over a large range of Re). The proposition that there should exist two distinct, and possibly disparate, spanwise length scales in the cylinder wake is well supported by compiled measurements, particularly those of Williams and co-workers (Mansy et al. [J. Fluid Mech. 270, 277 (1994)]), as well as those from Chyu and Rockwell (submitted to J. Fluid Mech.). © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 31 (1988), S. 2742-2744 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The existence of a discontinuity in the Strouhal–Reynolds number relationship for the laminar vortex shedding of a cylinder is found to be caused by a change in the mode of oblique shedding. By "inducing'' parallel shedding (from manipulating end conditions) the resulting Strouhal curve becomes completely continuous and agrees very well with the oblique-shedding data, if it is transformed by S0=Sθ/cos θ (where Sθ is the Strouhal number corresponding with the oblique-shedding angle θ). The curve also agrees with data from a completely different facility. This provides evidence that this Strouhal curve (S0) is universal (for a circular cylinder).
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 8 (1996), S. 1680-1682 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: It is now well known that the wake transition regime for a circular cylinder involves two modes of secondary three-dimensional instability (modes "A'' and "B''), depending on the regime of Reynolds number (Re). However, there exists a surprisingly large scatter in previous measurements of critical Re for the inception of the mode A instability (Re from 140 to 190) and in previous measurements of spanwise length scale. It is deduced in this work that the large variation in previous measurements concerning mode A are due to the presence of vortex dislocations. In the absence of such dislocations, we find an excellent agreement of the critical Re as well as spanwise wavelength of mode A with the linear secondary stability analysis of Henderson and Barkley [Phys. Fluids 8, 1683 (1996)]. We further demonstrate that these large-scale dislocations in wake transition are triggered at the sites of some of the vortex loops for mode A; they are an intrinsic feature of transition, independent of end conditions. These studies lead us to a new clarification of the possible flow states through wake transition, as follows. If one defines a Mode A* as (Mode A+Dislocations), then the route through transition appears to follow the scenario of wake modes: (2D→A→A*→B). © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 8 (1996), S. 91-96 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The temporal evolution of Kármán vortex shedding patterns in the wake of a cylinder placed at right angles to a uniform flow is studied for Reynolds numbers (based on cylinder diameter) between 80 and 140. Focusing on the dynamics of the vortex shedding phase in the wake planview (the plane spanned by the free-stream direction and the cylinder axis) we study experimentally and model the response of shedding patterns to time-dependent boundary conditions imposed at the cylinder ends. By appropriate impulsive changes of end conditions, spanwise wave number "shocks'' can be produced that travel along the cylinder span. These shock experiments, together with data from steady oblique shedding patterns, are used to determine the parameters for the spanwise Ginzburg–Landau model, which has already been used successfully to describe many of the phenomena observed in cylinder wakes. We then demonstrate experimentally that, in analogy to gasdynamics, it is also possible to produce "expansion waves'' of the spanwise wave number, which are well described by the Ginzburg–Landau model without further adjustment of its parameters. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meccanica 29 (1994), S. 411-429 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Wake ; Vortex shedding ; Karman street ; Fluid mechanics ; Vortex dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Recentemente è rinato l'interesse per i modelli tridimensionali di scie, sia da un punto di vista sperimentale che da uno analitico. Una delle scoperte centrali è che le modalità di produzione dei vortici sono dipendenti dalle condizioni agli estremi di un lungo cilindro. Nel presente lavoro, è stato formulato un metodo per controllare le condizioni finali agli estremi di un cilindro per mezzo di variabili continue di significato non-meccanico, cioè per mezzo dell'aspirazione agli estremi. La tecnica permette una variazione continua delle condizioni agli estremi ed ammette controllo transitorio od impulsivo. Con questo metodo sono semplicemente indotti i classici modelli a stato fissato, come anche quelli che prevedono produzioni di vortici parallele od oblique o quellichevron. Questi esperimenti dimostrano che la scia, ad un dato numero di Reynolds, ammette una distribuzione continua (ma limitata) di angoli per distribuzioni oblique, piuttosto che una discreta. In questi risultati c'è un eccellente accordo con la formula del coseno per frequenze di produzioni oblique e collassanti su di una curva di frequenzauniversale. L'uso dell'aspirazione ha evitato i moti largamente instabili alle estremità del cilindro, provocati dalle scie delle parti terminali dei manipolatori, e si osserva che il regime laminare diffondente esiste oltre un numero di Reynolds pari a 205. La sorprendentemente larga disparità tra le misure di numeri di Reynolds critici, riportati per transizioni di scia (Re=140÷200) durante gli ultimi quattro anni, può essere ora spiegata in termini di contaminazione della estensione della lunghezza del cilindro.
    Notes: Abstract Recently there has been a new surge of interest in three-dimensional wake patterns, from both an experimental and analytical standpoint. One of the central discoveries is that the patterns of vortex shedding are dependent on the specific end conditions of a long cylinder span. However, a number of outstanding questions have remained unanswered, in part because techniques had not existed to control such patterns in a continuous fashion and from outside a test facility. In the present work, we have devised a method to control the end conditions of a cylinder span by non-mechanical and continuously-variable means, namely by the use of end suction. The technique allows a continuous variation of end conditions and admits transient or impulsive control. With the method, the classical steady-state patterns, such as parallel or oblique shedding or the ‘chevron’ patterns are simply induced. These experiments demonstrate that the wake, at a given Reynolds number, is receptive to a continuous (but limited) range of oblique shedding angles (θ), rather than to discrete angles. There is excellent agreement in these results with the ‘cos θ’ formula for collapsing oblique-shedding frequencies onto a single ‘universal’ frequency curve. The use of suction has avoided the grossly unsteady motions at the ends of the cylinder span brought about by the wakes of mechanical end manipulators, and we show that the laminar shedding regime exists up to Reynolds numbers (Re) of 205. The surprisingly large disparity among reported measurements of criticalRe for wake transition (Re=140−200), over the last forty years, can now be explained in terms of spanwise end contamination. The control technique has also allowed experiments to be performed, which have resulted in the discovery of new phenomena such as ‘phase shocks’ and ‘phase expansions’. A major difference between these phenomena is that phase shocks (involving regions of straight vortices) translate spanwise at constant speed, crossing the complete span in a finite time, whereas a phase expansion (involving curved vortices) requires an infinite time to complete its development across the span. These transient wake patterns are well illustrated using a simple model, based on experimental measurements, that thenormal wavelength for oblique or parallel vortices remains constant. However, a detailed and close comparison between our experimental results and those results from analytical modelling of the wake using Ginzburg-Landau modelling (in collaboration with Peter Monkewitz at Lausanne) is presently underway. These equations yield a Burger's equation for the spanwise wavenumber (or phase gradient), from which both (phase) shocks and expansions are well-known solutions.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1997-02-17
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
    Topics: Physics
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