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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative analysis of mid-gestation mouse aggregation chimaeras: non-random composition of the placenta (1993)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 202 (1993), S. 296-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chimaera ; Mosaic ; Mouse ; Fetus ; Placenta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mouse chimaeras were produced by aggregating eight-cell embryos from two different F2 matings, abbreviated to AF2 and BF2 respectively: (C57BL/ OIa.AKR-Gpi-1s a, c/Ws female × BALB/c male)F2 and (C57BL/Ws female × CBA/Ca male)F2. Quantitative electrophoresis of glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI-1) was used to estimate the proportions of the two cell populations in different tissues of the 12 $${\raise0.7ex\hbox{$1$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 2}}\right.\kern-\nulldelimiterspace}\!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$2$}}$$ day chimàeric conceptuses, with the % GPI-1A indicating the percentage of cells derived from the AF2 embryos. The % GPI-1A was found to be highly positively correlated within the primitive ectoderm lineage (between the fetus, amnion and yolk sac mesoderm) and within the primitive endoderm lineage (between the yolk sac endoderm and the parietal endoderm) but no correlation (either positive or negative) was seen between the two lineages. This confirms the results of a previous,study of chimaeras made between partially congenic strains and suggests the original conclusions have general validity. The % GPI-1A in the placenta was corrected for the expected contribution of maternal GPI-1, based on control experiments involving transfer of homozygous Gpi-1s b /Gpi-1s b embryos to the uteri of Gpi-1s a /Gpi-1s a pseudopregnant females. The corrected % GPI- lA in the placenta was positively correlated with that in each of the three primitive ectoderm derivatives. This suggests either (1) exchange of cells between the polar trophectoderm and the underlying part of the inner cell mass that forms the primitive ectoderm or (2) cells are incompletely mixed in the chimaeric blastocyst and patches of AF2 and BF2 cells straddle the boundary between the polar trophectoderm and the underlying primitive ectoderm. The second explanation does not imply the existence of shared developmental lineages between trophectoderm and primitive ectoderm in non-chimaeric embryos. Unlike that of any other tissue, the distribution of placental GPI-1A was U-shaped; in 17/28 placenta samples the proportion of the minor component was 10% or less. This suggests that the placental trophoblast is derived from a small number of coherenct clones of polar trophectoderm cells (either a small number of polar trophectoderm cells or a larger number if the two cell populations are not finely intermingled). Thus, although as a population the placentas of chimaeric conceptuses are balanced with respect to the % GPI-1A (mean close to 50%), individually most placentas are extremely unbalanced in their chimaeric composition (〈 10% or 〉 90% GPI-IA). This non-random composition of the chimaeric placentas is in contrast to the widely held assumption that the distribution of cells in chimaeric conceptuses is normally random.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00363218
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A chimaeric animal model for confined placental mosaicism (1994)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 93 (1994), S. 603-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The reason for chromosome mosaicism being sometimes confined to only part of the conceptus is unknown. To address this problem, we produced tetraploid↔ diploid chimaeric mouse conceptuses. At 12 1/2 days, no tetraploid cells were detected in the fetus. They rarely contributed to other derivatives of the primitive ectoderm lineage but were commonly found in the primitive endoderm and trophectoderm lineages. This provides a useful animal model of human confined placental mosaicism and suggests that the primitive endoderm (hypoblast) lineage should be included in future studies of human mosaic conceptuses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202833
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of α-galactosidase in preimplantation mouse embryos (1977)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 267 (1977), S. 838-839 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Large numbers of preimplantation mouse embryos at similar stages of development were obtained by artificial insemination (refs 16, 21). Galactosidase activity was assayed in single embryos using the microfluorometric assay technique described for jS-glucuronidase5'17. The a-galactosidase assay ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/267838a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-linked inheritance of a structural gene for α-galactosidease in Mus musculus (1976)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 14 (1976), S. 849-855 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: α-galactosidase ; X linkage ; structural gene ; mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A thermolabile variant of α-galactosidase has been found in a stock of Mus musculus molossinus. Analysis of the F1 generation shows that this variant is inherited as an X-linked gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00485346
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High activity of an unstable form of glucose phosphate isomerase in the mouse (1987)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 543-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: mouse ; glucose phosphate isomerase ; electrophoresis ; Gpi-1s c ; genetic regulation ; enzyme stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative electrophoretic studies of the three allozymes of glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI-1) produced byGpi-1s a/Gpi-1sc heterozygous mice revealed two opposing influences on GPI-1 activity. First, the GPI-1 AC heterodimer is less stable than GPI-1 AA but more stable than the GPI-1 CC homodimer. Second, a genetic determinant that maps close to or within theGpi-1s structural gene causes elevated activity of GPI-1 AC and probably also GPI-1 CC dimers. The relative lability of these allozymes masks this elevated activity in some tissues but the effect is probably ubiquitous. The significance of these observations is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00554356
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of cell ploidy in histological sections of mouse tissues by DNA-DNA in situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labelled probes (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular histology 25 (1993), S. 30-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6865
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary DNA-DNA in situ hybridization, with two digoxigenin-labelled, chromosome-specific DNA probes, was used to determine the number of copies of a given chromosome in interphase nuclei and so identify putatively polyploid nuclei in histological sections of several mouse tissues. One hybridization site per diploid genome was expected for tissues with hemizygous markers: male mice hybridized with a Y chromosome probe (pY353/B) or hemizygous transgenic mice hybridized with a β-globin probe (pMβ02). Nuclei with more than one hybridization site were considered putative polyploids. Three groups of experiments were undertaken: (1) evaluation of the method, using mouse liver sections; (2) studies of tissues already known to contain polyploid nuclei, and (3) studies that resulted in the discovery that the mouse ovary contains polyploid nuclei. First, control studies showed that the ability to detect the target DNA sequences was affected by section thickness. Studies of nuclear ploidy in the developing mouse liver revealed a pattern similar to that established by previous studies using DNA content as a criterion for ploidy. At birth, only about 5% of the liver nuclei were polyploid; this increased to 10–15% by 10–20 days and was followed by a sharp increase in the frequency of tetraploid nuclei between 20 and 40 days (to about 35%) and a more gradual increase in higher order polyploid nuclei. Secondly, this technique was used to confirm that polyploid (mostly tetraploid) nuclei were present in the bladder epithelium, heart, uterine decidua and placental trophoblast. Higher order polyploidy was seen in large bone marrow cells (megakaryocytes) but not in the even larger trophoblast giant cells of the placenta, thus confirming previous claims that these cells are polytene rather than polyploid. Thirdly, putatively tetraploid nuclei were found in the ovarian follicle and corpus luteum. As far as we are aware, this is the first time polyploid nuclei have been reported for the mouse ovary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00161042
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-random X-chromosome expression early in mouse development (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 2 (1981), S. 305-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: X-chromosome inactivation ; mouse ; PGK-1 ; embryonic cell lineage ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have used a sensitive electrophoretic technique for estimating the activity, or ratio, of two allozymes of the X-chromosome-linked enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK-1), in order to investigate the randomness of X-chromosome expression in the derivatives of the three primary cell lineages of the early mouse conceptus. The maternally derived Pgk-1 allele is preferentially expressed in the derivatives of the primitive endoderm and trophectoderm lineages at 6 1/2 days post coitum in Pgk-1a/Pgk-1b heterozygous conceptuses, and in the one informative 5 1/2-day heterozygous conceptus analysed. This evidence for preferential expression of the maternally derived X chromosome (Xm), so soon after the time of X-chromosome inactivation, favors the possibility that the preferential expression of Xm is a consequence of primary non-random X-chromosome inactivation, rather than a secondary selection phenomenon. The majority of embryos analysed at 4 1/2 and 5 1/2 days pc produced only a single PGK-1 band, corresponding to the allozyme produced by the Pgk-1 allele on Xm, although 50% of these embryos should have been heterozygous females. Possible explanations are discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020020308
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of glucose phosphate isomerase in interspecific hybrid (Mus musculus × Mus caroli) (1991)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 12 (1991), S. 403-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Mouse ; Mus musculus ; Mus caroli ; interspecific hybrids ; embryo ; gene expression ; glucose phosphate isomerase ; artificial insemination ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Hybrid Mus musculus × Mus caroli embryos were produced by inseminating M. musculus (C57BL/Ola Ws) females with M. caroli sperm. Control M. caroli embryos developed more rapidly than did control M. musculus embryos and implanted approximately 1 day earlier. At 1 1/2 days, both the hybrid embryos and those of the maternal species (M. musculus) had cleaved to the 2-cell stage. By 2 1/2 days some of the hybrids were retarded compared to M. musculus, and by 3½ days most were lagging behind. This is consistent with the idea that the rate of development of hybrid embryos declines once it becomes dependent on embryo-coded gene products.We have used this difference in rate of preim-plantation development, between hybrid and M. musculus embryos, to try to determine whether the activation of embryonic Gpi-1s genes, that encode glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI-1), is age-related or stage-related. In control M. musculus embryos (both mated and Al groups), the GPI-1AB and GPI-1A allozyme, indicative of paternal gene expression, were detected in 7 of 9 samples of 3 1/2-day compacted morula stage embryos and were seen in all 19 samples of 31/2-day blastocysts. In hybrid embryos, these allozymes were detected 1 day later. They were not detected in any 31/2-day samples (12 samples of compacted morulae) but were consistently detected at 4½ days (4 samples of blastocysts and 2 samples of uncompacted morulae). Our interpretation of the results is that gene activation in hybrid embryos is stage-specific, rather than age-specific, and probably begins around the 8-cell stage, with detectable levels of enzyme accumulating later. Analysis of GPI-1 elec-trophoresis indicated that both the paternal (M. caroli) and maternal (M. musculus) Gpi-1s alleles were equally expressed in hybrid embryos and that the paternally derived allele was not activated before the maternally derived allele. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020120605
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of Y-bearing spermatozoa by DNA-DNA in situ hybridisation (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 1 (1989), S. 201-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Human ; In situ hybridisation ; Y chromosome ; Sperm selection ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In situ hybridisation of a Y chromosome-specific DNA probe to preparations of decondensed spermatozoa revealed approximately 46.7% labelled spermatozoa among 3,900 scored. This is not significantly different from the 50% expected if only the Y chromosome-bearing spermatozoa are hybridised. Control hybridisations of Escherichia coli DNA and salmon testis DNA to decondensed sperm produced no significant labelling, whereas more than 99% of the spermatozoa were heavily labelled after hybridisation to total human DNA. These controls indicate that the methodology described in this paper renders the chromatin accessible for hybridisation and that the 50% hybridisation observed with the Y chromosome DNA probe was specific. In situ hybridisation with the Y probe therefore identifies the Y-bearing spermatozoa, and the protocol described should prove useful in evaluating methods of separating Y-bearing and X-bearing spermatozoa.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080010308
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relevance to prenatal diagnosis of the identification of a human Y/autosome translocation by Y-chromosome-specific in situ hybridisation (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 25 (1990), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Y/autosome translocation ; In situ hybridisation ; Y probe ; Human ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Routine cytogenetic analysis of an amniotic fluid sample revealed a large brightly fluorescent region in the short arm of chromosome 14 in an otherwise normal male karyotype (46, XY, 14p+++). This site was also present in the paternal karyotype. In situ hybridisation to a Y-chromosome-specific DNA probe confirmed that the father had a Y/14 translocation. The incidence of two hybridisation bodies (large hybridisation sites), detecting both the translocated Y chromatin and the normal Y chromosome, was lower in interphase nuclei (44.3%) than in metaphase spreads (95.2%). The relevance of these observations to the potential use of in situ hybridisation to intephase nuclei for prenatal diagnosis is discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080250107
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